Endocrine System Hormonesss

Question 0

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 0

pituitary hormone
targets ovaries and testes
in females: stimulates egg production; increases secretion of estrogen
in males: stimulates sperm production
hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
hypersecretion has no known significant effects

Question 1

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 1

pituitary hormone
targets adrenal cortex-promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
hyposecretion is rare
hypersecretion causes Cushing disease

Question 2

growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

Answer 2

pituitary hormone
targets bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues-stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy
hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism
hypersecretion in children causes gigantism; hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly

Question 3

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 3

Pituitary hormone
Targets ovaries and testes
in females: promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
in males: promotes secretion of testosterone
hyposecretion: causes failure of sexual maturation
hypersecretion: no known effects

Question 4

Prolactin

Answer 4

pituitary hormone
targets breast
in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation
hyposecretion in nursing mothers causes poor lactation
hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes galactorrhea

Question 5

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 5

pituitary hormone
targets thyroid gland
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema
Hypersecretion causes Graves’ disease, indicated by exophthalmos

Question 6

antidiuretic hormone (AHD)

Answer 6

posterior pituitary hormone
targets kidney-increases water reabsorption (water returns to the blood)
hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus
hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Question 7

Oxytocin

Answer 7

posterior pituitary hormone
targets uterus-stimulates uterine contractions: initiates labor
targets breast-promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands

Question 8

Calcitonin

Answer 8

Thyroid hormone
regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis
the most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape.
at best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults

Question 9

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 9

Thyroid Hormone
increases energy production from all food types
increases rate of protein synthesis
Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema
hypersecretion causes Graves’ disease indicated by exophthalmos

Question 10

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 10

Targets bones, kidneys, and small intestine
Bones: increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
Kidneys: increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
Small Intestine: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
Hyposecretion causes tetany
Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica

Question 11

Glucocorticoids

Answer 11

adrenal cortex hormone (mainly cortisol)
targets: body cells-promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses
hyposecretion causes Addison disease
hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

Question 12

mineralcorticoids

Answer 12

adrenal cortex hormone (mainly aldosterone)

targets kidneys: increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys

Question 13

sex hormones

Answer 13

adrenal cortex hormone; also includes any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
in females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (otherwise, effects in adults are insignificant).
hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of male characteristics)
hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin in males leads to feminization (development of feminine characteristics)
hyposecretion has no known significant effects

Question 14

Epinephrine and Norephinephrine

Answer 14

Adrenal medullary hormones
sympathetic nervous system target organs-hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation (sympathomimetic), increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
hyposecretion has no known significant effects
hypersecretion causes prolonged “fight or flight” reaction and hypertension

Question 15

glucagon

Answer 15

pancreatic hormone (islets of Langerhans) 
Liver and blood-raises blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose)
persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may be caused by deficiency in glucagon

Question 16

Insulin

Answer 16

pancreatic hormone (islets of Langerhans)
Targets: tissue cells-lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)
hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus
hypersecretion of insulin causes hyperinsulinism