Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
MS is characterized by the progressive demyelination of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves.
What causes demyelination in MS?
The immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which can lead to damage of the axon itself.
What are potential environmental factors contributing to MS?
Lower Vitamin D levels and higher incidence further from the equator.
What genetic factor is associated with MS?
The HLA DR-2 gene, which is more common in females (XX chromosome).
How do T-cells contribute to the immune response in MS?
T-cells mistakenly identify myelin as an invader, releasing cytokines that initiate inflammation.
What are the components of the immune response in MS?
Increased adhesion markers for white blood cells, vasodilation, increased vessel permeability, and recruitment of macrophages to engulf myelin.
What is Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)?
Characterized by episodes of exacerbation followed by periods of remission.
What is Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS)?
Follows an initial relapsing-remitting course, eventually leading to a progressive decline.
What is Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)?
Gradual progression of symptoms without relapses.
What is Progressive Relapsing MS (PRMS)?
Progressive from the beginning with occasional relapses.
What are common symptoms of MS?
Fatigue, vision problems, numbness and tingling, muscle spasms, mobility issues, pain, cognitive difficulties, and emotional changes.
What symptoms are related to the optic nerve in MS?
Visual disturbances and decreased acuity.
What are some symptoms related to other cranial nerves in MS?
Dysphagia, dysarthria, loss of facial expression, and ataxia.
What is Lhermittes Sign?
Electrical sensations down the spine when flexing the neck.
What is Uhthoff’s Phenomenon?
Symptoms worsen with increased body temperature.
