Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) Flashcards
What do cells require to produce ATP?
glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (energy)
through processes like the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
What role does insulin play in cellular function?
Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells.
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
DKA is a life-threatening condition characterized by metabolic acidosis, ketosis, and hyperglycemia.
Who is primarily affected by DKA?
It primarily affects diabetics, but non-diabetic ketoacidosis can also occur.
What are the causes of DKA?
Causes include insufficient insulin production, insulin receptor desensitization, and stress reactions from trauma or infections.
What happens in the body during DKA?
Lack of glucose in cells forces the body to break down fats for energy, releasing ketones as a byproduct.
What are ketones and their effect in DKA?
Ketones are acidic, leading to ketoacidosis.
What are the signs and symptoms of DKA?
Signs include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, high blood sugar, fatigue, thirst, polyuria, shortness of breath, and a characteristic acetone breath.
How is DKA diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves checking ketone levels in urine and blood, along with blood glucose levels.
What is crucial in the treatment of DKA?
Hospitalization is crucial, and pre-hospital care may involve fluid administration.
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
HHS is a life-threatening emergency characterized by extremely high blood glucose, hyperosmolarity, and minimal to no ketosis.
What causes HHS?
Severe dehydration from polyuria is a primary cause.
What happens in the body during HHS?
High glucose levels draw water from tissues, leading to dehydration and hyperosmolarity.
What are the signs and symptoms of HHS?
Signs include changes in cognition, metabolic problems, electrolyte imbalances, and dehydration.
What is crucial in the treatment of HHS?
Fluid replacement is crucial, but rapid fluid administration can be fatal.
