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USA Term 2 > Movement Science Final > Flashcards

Movement Science Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk associated with exercise?

A
  • Risk of CHD and MSK complications increase during performance of strenuous activity
    Type and intensity of exercise seems more important than volume
  • Unaccustomed exercise demands or changes in intensity are associated with adverse affects, such as:
    –DOMS
    –MSK injury
    –Rhabdomyolysis
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2
Q

With exercise, how can the risks be reduced?

A
  • Proper warm-up and cool-down
  • Careful progression of intensity
  • Use a well designed health assessment and medial history questionnaire
  • Consult with a medial professional/diagnostic testing as medically indicated
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3
Q

When a patient has Muscle Strength/Performance impairments, this is usually caused by muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, or neuromotor.
What should be the Impairment Based Approach/Treatment Goals for this patient?

A
  • For Muscle Atrophy (impairment), the approach should be hypertrophy workouts
  • For Muscle Weakness (impairment), the approach should be strength and power workouts
  • For Neuromotor (impairment), the approach should be all performance aspects and emphasize practice and feedback
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4
Q

What are the training characteristics of Strength workouts?

A

High Loads - Low Volume - Long Rest

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5
Q

What are the training characteristics of Endurance workouts?

A

Low Intensity - High Volume - Short Rest

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6
Q

What are the training characteristics of Power workouts?

A

Moderate Load - Low Volume - High Velocity

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7
Q

What are the training characteristics of Hypertrophy workouts?

A

Moderate to High Loads - Middle Rep Range - Higher Volume

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8
Q

What are Open-Chain Exercises?

A

Exercises where the distal segment moves in space (Not fixed)

  • Movement occurs at a specific joint
  • May not mimic real-life movements (not functional)
  • Often involves isolated, concentric and eccentric muscle contractions
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9
Q

What are Closed-Chain Exercises?

A

Exercises where the distal segment is fixed or in contact to surface

  • Multiple joints and muscle groups involved
  • Functionally relevant, (simulates real-life)
    -Involves co-contactions of muscles groups
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10
Q

How can Open-Chain and Closed-Chain exercises be incorporated in Rehabilitation?

A
  • Closed-Chain are often preferred for early stage rehab as they provide joint stability
  • Open-Chain are used for isolated strengthening once joint stability is achieved
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11
Q

According to the Holten Curve, what is recommended for a patient in Stage I?
- How may they present? The exercises dosed will do what in this stage? What type of contractions are typically avoided?

A

3-5 exercises, 2-3 sets, and 30+ reps
Mobilizations: 5 sets 30-45 reps, several times a day

Healing stage

(May present with reduced A/PROM, P!, M. guarding, edema, increased tissue temp., and poor coordination. Exercises will be dosed to inhibit P! and guarding to promote vascularity. Exercises are performed at low speed and within P! free ROM)
Eccentrics are typically avoided secondary increased tissue stress as are isometric as they inhibit blood flow

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12
Q

According to the Holten Curve, what is recommended for a patient in Stage II? (How many exercises, rest time, how often?) When is it indicated?

A

6-8 exercises, 30-60 seconds of rest between sets, 30 reps/minute, every 6-10 hours

(Progression is Indicated when there is a reduction in P! intensity, and it has dropped from constant to intermittent and ROM has improved to within 10-25% of normal. The PT can increase the number of reps through an increase in the number of exercises. Speed of performance can be increased and eccentrics can be incorporated)

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13
Q

According to the Holten Curve, what is recommended for a patient in Stage III?
(Whats the rest b/n sets, how much time b/n each session)

A

Full Range, No pain, 1.5 - 5 min between sets, 48-72 hours between sessions

(At progression the Pt. will demonstrate full arthrokinematics and osteokinematic motion and full ROM, P! free weight bearing. Excessive reps or heavy loads may still result in P! and the Pt. will demonstrate continued deficits in coordination at increased speeds. PT will increase resistance towards 80% of 1RM will reduced reps to focus on function of strength and power. Concentric lifts with eccentric return are emphasized to stabilize around the newly gained ROM. Tri-planar motions are incorporated, and isometric holds may be utilized to promote stability)

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14
Q

According to the Holten Curve, what is recommended for a patient in Stage IV?
What type of exercise, time b/n sets, time b/n sessions)

A

Plyometric, sport/hobby specific. 1.5-5 min between sets, 48-72 hours between sessions

(This stage is initiated when the Pt. demonstrates full active and passive ROM and is P! free even with significant level of exercise. PT prescribes task or sport specific exercises dosed for strength, speed, endurance and muscle hypertrophy (80-90% 1RM). Tri-Planar motions can include plyometrics and combinations of fast concentric and slow eccentrci work to emphasize strength. Higher level balance and coordinative tasks are utilized to continue to challenge the Pt. to prepare for RTW, sport and daily activity)

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15
Q

What are contraindications of resistance exercises?

A
  • Recent fracture
  • Acute inflammation/infection
  • Acute pain with muscle lengthening
  • Hematoma or tissue trauma
  • When tissue stiffness/tightness is desired to enhance stability and function

(Same for stretching)

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16
Q

How would you apply the DAPRE Technique? What are the reps, sets, and resistance?

A
  • 1st Set / 10 reps / 50% 6RM
  • 2nd Set / 6 reps / 75% 6RM
  • 3rd Set / Max reps possible / 100% 6RM
  • 4th Set / Max reps possible / 100% adjusted working weight
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17
Q

In the 3rd set of the DAPRE Technique the patient is set to complete the Max reps possible. What if the patient only completes 0-2 reps, how would this effect the 4th set and how would this affect the next exercise in the following session?

A

For the 4th set the patient will decrease the weight
5-10lbs

  • For the next exercise in following session they will also decrease weight 5-10lbs
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18
Q

In the 3rd set of the DAPRE Technique the patient is set to complete the Max reps possible. What if the patient only completes 3-4 reps, how would this effect the 4th set and how would this affect the next exercise in the following session?

A

For the 4th set the patient will decrease the weight
0-5 lbs

  • For the next exercise in following session they will keep the weight the same
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19
Q

In the 3rd set of the DAPRE Technique the patient is set to complete the Max reps possible. What if the patient only completes 5-6 reps, how would this effect the 4th set and how would this affect the next exercise in the following session?

A

For the 4th set the patient will keep the weight the same

  • For the next exercise in following session they will increase the weight 5-10lbs
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20
Q

In the 3rd set of the DAPRE Technique the patient is set to complete the Max reps possible. What if the patient only completes 7-10 reps, how would this effect the 4th set and how would this affect the next exercise in the following session?

A

For the 4th set the patient will increase the weight
5-10lbs

  • For the next exercise in following session they will increase the weight 5-15lbs
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21
Q

In the 3rd set of the DAPRE Technique the patient is set to complete the Max reps possible. What if the patient only completes 11 or more reps, how would this effect the 4th set and how would this affect the next exercise in the following session?

A

For the 4th set the patient will increase weight 10-15lbs

  • For the next exercise in following session they will increase the weight 10-20lbs
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22
Q

How do you apply the Delorme Technique/Regime?

A

Firstly determine 10-RM

  • 10 Reps at 50% 10 RM
  • 10 Reps at 75% 10 RM
  • 10 Reps at 100% 10 RM
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23
Q

How do you apply the Oxford Technique/Regime?

A

Firstly determine 10-RM

  • 10 Reps at 100% 10 RM
  • 10 Reps at 75% 10 RM
  • 10 Reps at 50% 10 RM
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24
Q

What are the benefits of resistance exercises on bone density?

A
  • It increases bone mineral density, bone mineral content and bone area
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25
Q

What is Myostatic Contracture?

A
  • The musculotendinous unit has adaptively shortened and there is a significant loss or ROM, there is no specific muscle pathology present
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26
Q

What is Pseudomyostatic Contracture?

A
  • Impaired mobility and limited ROM may also be the result of hypertonicity associated with a CNS lesion, such as a CVA, Spinal Cord Injury,. or TBI
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27
Q

What is Arthrogenic Contracture? What is Periarticular Contracture?

A

This is caused by intra-articular pathology that may include adhesions, synovial proliferation, joint effusion, irregularities in articular cartilage or osteophyte formation.
- A periarticular contracture develops when connective tissue that cross or attach to a joint of the joint capsule loses mobility, this restricting arthrokinematic motion

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28
Q

What is Fibrotic Contracture?

A

Fibrous changes in the connective tissue of muscle and periarticular structures can cause adherence of these tissues and subsequent development of a fibrotic contracture. It is difficult to re-establish optimal tissue length.

29
Q

Who are the agonist vs. antagonist?

A

Agonist: Help achieve the goal (For ex. if the goal is hip flexion, the agonist are iliopsoas)

Antagonist: Work against goal (For ex. if the goal is hip flexion, the antagonist are glute max)

30
Q

What is the best way to ensure permanent change in ROM after a stretching regime?

A

Frequency

  • There is a positive correlations with ROM gain with 5 days a week for static stretching
  • Static stretching has been found to have greater ROM increases over a long-period than other modes of stretching
31
Q

What is Reciprocal Inhibition?

A

When the Agonist muscle contracts, the Muscle Spindles sends an inhibitory response to the antagonist, in other words it lowers the activity/tone of the muscle we are stretching.

(Relaxes the antagonist indirectly via the muscle spindle of the agonist)

32
Q

What is Autogenic Inhibition?

A

The stimulation of GTO, which detects changes in tension, triggers activation of the inhibitory interneuron, lowering the muscle activity to allow it to be stretched further.

(Relaxes the antagonist directly through the GTO signaling)

33
Q

Which stretching technique uses Reciprocal Inhibition?

A

Contract-Relax

34
Q

Which stretching technique uses Autogenic Inhibition?

A

Hold-Relax and Hold-Relax Agonist

35
Q

What are some precautions of stretching?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Post Immobilization
  • Elderly
  • Edematous tissueMonitor:
    -Post Stretch soreness
    -Overstretching
36
Q

What are some contraindications for stretching?

A
  • Recent fracture
  • Acute inflammation/infection
  • Acute pain with muscle lengthening
  • Hematoma or tissue trauma
  • When tissue stiffness/tightness is desired to enhance stability and function

(Same with strengthening)

37
Q

What is Selective Stretching? What are clinical applications?

A
  • Overall function of a patient may be improved by applying stretching techniques to some muscles and joints, while allowing motion limitations to develop in other muscles or joints
  • Keep in mind functional needs: mobility, stability for max performance
  • This is done with patients with permanent paralysis
38
Q

What are some pre-stretch considerations?

A
  • Education
  • Environment
  • Cold
    -Heat
  • Application (Move slowly through range, stabilize proximal segment and move distal, stretch 30 sec or longer, gradual release)
39
Q

What are post-stretch considerations?

A

Strengthening or functional activity in newly gained ROM
-Adjuncts such as Tai chi, pilates, etc.

40
Q

What is the difference between muscle length and stiffness? What are the mechanisms that lengthen a muscle?

A

Muscle can be lengthened by the following mechanisms:
- Prolonged elongated postion
- Injury/Strain
- Sustained stretching

Stiffness:
- A compensatory relative flexibility

41
Q

With healthy novice adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time for Strength?

A

60-70% RM
2-4 sets
8-12 reps
2-3 min resting

42
Q

With healthy ADVANCED adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time for Strength?

A

> 80% RM
2-4 sets
1-8 reps
2-3 min resting

43
Q

With healthy sedentary/older adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time for Strength?

A

40-50% RM
1-4 sets
10-15 reps
2-3 min resting

44
Q

With healthy novice adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time (high/low intensity) for Hypertrophy?

A

70-85% RM
1-3 sets
8-12 reps
2-3 min if high intensity; 1-2 min if low intensity

45
Q

With healthy advanced adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time (high/low intensity) for Hypertrophy?

A

70-100% RM
3-6 sets
1-12 reps
2-3 min if high intensity; 1-2 min if low intensity

46
Q

With healthy adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time (high/low intensity) for Power?

A

30-60% RM
2-4 sets
3-6 reps
2-3 min if high intensity; 1-2 min if low intensity

47
Q

With sedentary/older adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time (high/low intensity) for Power?

A

20-50% RM
1-3 sets
3-6 reps
2-3 min if high intensity; 1-2 min if low intensity

48
Q

With healthy adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time for Muscle Endurance?

A

<70% RM
2-4 sets
10-25 reps
30 secs to 1 min resting

49
Q

With Sedentary/Older adults, what should be the %1RM, sets, reps, and resting time for Muscle Endurance?

A

<50% RM
2-4 sets
15-20 reps
30 secs to 1 min resting

50
Q

You are working with a patient to strength their quadriceps. You are using the DARPE. Which of the following is true as it relates to the DARPE?

A. The resistance is based on the most weight the patient can lift for repetitions
B. An actual 1-RM should be performed to determine baseline strength
C. During the first set the patient will perform 10 reps for 50% of the 6RM target
D. During the second set the patient will perform 6 reps at the full target resistance (6RM)

A

C. During the first set the patient will perform 10 reps for 50% of the 6RM target

51
Q

With bone, what is the function and potential benefits associated with strength/resistance training?

A

Function: Regulation of metabolic demands, structural maintenance to withstand loading

Potential benefits: Increase in bone mineral density, bone mineral content and bone area

52
Q

With Tendon, what is the function and potential benefits associated with strength/resistance training?

A

Function: Force transmission, storage, recoil and release of energy

Potential benefits: Increase in tendon stiffness, Young’s modulus and tendon cross-sectional area

53
Q

With Muscle, what is the function and potential benefits associated with strength/resistance training?

A

Function: Contract to produce force and motion

Potential benefits: Increase in myofibrillar cross sectional area (CSA) of type 1/2 fibers, lean muscle mass, fascicle length and pennation angle

54
Q

With Cartilage, what is the function and potential benefits associated with strength/resistance training?

A

Function: Support and distribution of forces generated during joint loading

Potential benefits: Stiffening of the peri-cellular and inter-territorial matrix, increase in cartilage volume and GAGs, protection against cartilage loss

55
Q

If a patient has low bone mass, what should be the treatment goals?

A
  • Increase overall muscle mass and strength
  • Improve bone mineral density
  • Prevent loss of type 2 muscle fibers
  • Increase tolerance to higher intensity exercise/activities
56
Q

What is Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)?

A

RPE is determined by having the individual perform an exercise or take and give a rating on the effort required, on a 0-10 scale.
- 0 being extremely easy, while 10 being extremely hard

57
Q

What is Repetitions in Reserve (RIR)?

A

RIR involves asking the patient “How many more reps do you think you could do if you kept going?”

  • Like RPE this also uses 0-10 scale
  • 10 or greater meaning little to no effort, 0 meaning maximum effort
58
Q

How to use RIR to progress a novice lifter? (0-1, 2-4, 5-9, 10+ RIR)

A
  • If the individual has 0-1 reps in reserve, Decrease the load
  • If the individual has 2-4 reps in reserve, keep load the same
  • If the individual has 5-9 reps in reserve, small load increase
  • If the individual has 10+ reps in reserve, large load increase (but use discretion)
59
Q

If a patient has 2- MMT grading, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

AAROM in GLP or Isometric Exercise (Muscle-setting)

Place patient in GLP. The level of resistance should be in correspondence with the patients ability to execute the movement but never more than 25% of assistance

60
Q

If a patient has a 2 MMT grading, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

AROM in GLP

Have patient actively repeat the movement in full ROM, if they need assistance, the amount of assistance should be the minimal necessary

61
Q

If a patient has a 2+ or 3- MMT grading, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MRE in GLP

Have patient perform movement in full ROM, provide manual resistance, the resistance should be optimum to complete the prescribed volume of exercise

62
Q

If a patient has a 3 MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MRE or MECHRE (Mechanically resisted exercise)in GLP

The patient is able to complete full ROM AG but unable to take resistance. We either provide MRE or MECHRE in GLP, the amount of resistance provided should be optimum to complete the prescribed volume

63
Q

If a patient has a 3+ MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MRE or MECHRE AG (Minimal resistance)

Place patient against gravity position, make them actively repeat the movement in full ROM, and provide either manual or mechanical resistance to load the musculature

64
Q

If a patient has a 4- MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MECHRE Ag (Minimal to Moderate resistance)

Place the patient AG, make them actively repeat the movement in full ROM, and provide mechanical resistance to load the musculature, with minimal to moderate resistance

65
Q

If a patient has a 4 MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MECHRE AG (Moderate Resistance)

Place the patient AG, make them actively repeat the movement in full ROM, and provide mechanical resistance to load the musculature, with moderate resistance

66
Q

If a patient has a 4+ MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MECHRE AG (Moderate to Maximal Resistance)

Place the patient AG, make them actively repeat the movement in full ROM, and provide mechanical resistance to load the musculature, with moderate to maximal resistance

67
Q

If a patient has a 5 MMT grade, what is the applied resistance for this patient?

A

MECHRE AG (Maximal Resistance)

Place the patient AG, make them actively repeat the movement in full ROM, and provide mechanical resistance to load the musculature, with maximal resistance

68
Q

What is the benefit of a Low Load, Long Duration Stretch?

A

This is considered the safest form of stretch and yields the most significant, elastic deformation and long-term, plastic changes in soft tissue

USA Term 2 (46 decks)

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