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USA Term 2 > Gross 2 Vasculature, TMJ, Eye, Ear and Mouth > Flashcards

Gross 2 Vasculature, TMJ, Eye, Ear and Mouth Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries supply the face?
(Superficial and Deep)

A

The Facial and Transverse Facial Arteries
(They supply the vast majority of the face, superficially)

The deep structures are supplied by the Maxillary Artery and branches off the External Carotid.

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts to the Maxillary Artery?

A

1st part) Mandibular

2nd part) Pterygoid

3rd part) Pterygopalatine

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3
Q

In the Mandibular part (p. 1) of the Maxillary Artery, what are the branches?

A
  • Deep Auricular A.
  • Inferior Alveolar A. which comes off the Mental A.
  • Middle meningeal A.
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4
Q

In the Pterygoid part (p. 2) of the Maxillary Artery, what are the branches?

A
  • Masseter A.
  • Deep Temporal A.
  • Pterygoid A.
  • Buccal A.
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5
Q

In the Pterygopalatine part (Pt. 3) of the Maxillary Artery, what are the branches?

A
  • Superior Alveolar A. (Ant., Middle, Post.)
  • Sphenopalatine A.
  • Infraorbital A.
  • Descending Palatine A., which then spits to Lesser and Greater Palatine A.
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6
Q

What are the Arteries of the Scalp?

A

External Carotid
- Occipital A.
- Posterior Auricular A.
- Superficial Temporal A.

Internal Carotid
- Supra-Trochlear A.
- Supra-Orbital A.

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7
Q

What structures form the Temporomandibular Joint?

A
  • The Temporal bone: mandibular fossa
  • The Mandible: Condyle of mandible

Has an Intra-articular disc that separates the joint into 2 cavities.

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8
Q

What nerve(s) innervate the TMJ?

A

The Mandibular Nerve (V3) via the Deep Temporal N., Masseteric N., and Auriculotemporal N.

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9
Q

What does the Intra-Articular Disc of the TMJ attach to?

A

Anteriorly: Lateral Pterygoid

Posteriorly: Posterior Capsule (Superior and Inferior Lamina)

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10
Q

What are the Intrinsic TMJ ligaments?
What does it reinforce and prevent?

A
  • Lateral Ligament of TMJ
    –A thickening of lateral capsule
    –This reinforces joint laterally and prevents posterior dislocation
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11
Q

What are the Extrinsic TMJ ligaments?

A
  • Stylomandibular Ligament
  • Sphenomandibular Ligament
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12
Q

The Posterior Capsule of the TMJ contains two lamina, superior and inferior lamina (Ligaments). Which of the lamina contains elastic fibers?

A
  • The superior lamina contains (fibro) elastic fibers. This allows for protrusion of the disc anteriorly during jaw opening, it then recoils when the jaw closes

The inferior lamina is non-elastic to limit anterior translation of disc

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13
Q

When the Jaw is opening, what are the stages and degrees?

A
  • 1st Stage: The Condyles roll anteriorly;
    0-25°
  • 2nd Stage: Condyles and disc move anteriorly; 25-50°
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14
Q

When the Jaw is closing, what are the stages and degrees?

A
  • 1st Stage: Condyles and disc moves posteriorly; 50-25°
  • 2nd Stage: Condyles move posteriorly; 25-0°
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15
Q

In Jaw Movement, what happens with Protrusion?

A

The condyles and disc translate over articular tubercles of temporal bones; 6-9mm

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16
Q

In Jaw Movement, what happens with Retrusion?

A

The condyles and disc move posteriorly to post-glenoid tubercle; 3mm

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17
Q

In the Jaw Muscle activity, which muscles are involved in Depression or opening the mouth?

A
  • **The Lateral Pterygoid pulls the intra-articular disc and condyles forward
  • **The Anterior Digastric, Mylohyoid and Genohyoid pull the mandible down
  • Also the infrahyoid muscles

** are the main ones

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18
Q

In the Jaw Muscle activity, which muscles are involved in closing/occlusion of the mouth?

A
  • The Masseter, Temporalis, and Medial Pterygoid pull the mandible up
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19
Q

Which muscles will be involved with Lateral Excursion (chewing) to the left?
Excursion is the side to side motion

A
  • Left Masseter
  • Left Temporalis
  • Right Medial Pterygoid
  • Right Lateral Pterygoid
    (The Pterygoid’s are the pre-dominant movers)
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20
Q

Which muscles are responsible for TMJ Protrusion (Protrude the chin)?

A
  • Lateral Pterygoid (Dominant)
  • Masseter
  • Medial Pterygoid
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21
Q

Which muscles are responsible for TMJ Retrusion of chin?

A

Temporalis (Posterior Oblique and near-horizontal fibers)

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22
Q

What is the result when the Mandible is dislocated?

A

This results in Displacement of the TMJ

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23
Q

If the TMJ joint is dislocated medially, what structures would be affected?

A
  • Chorda Tympani Nerve
  • Middle Meningeal Artery
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24
Q

If the TMJ joint is dislocated Laterally, what structures would be affected?

A
  • The Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve (CN VII)
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25
Q

If the TMJ joint is dislocated Anteriorly, what structure would be affected?

A

Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

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26
Q

If the TMJ joint is dislocated Posteriorly, what structures would be affected?

A
  • Auriculotemporal Nerve
  • Facial Nerve
  • Parotid Gland
  • Superficial Temporal A. and V.
  • External Auditory Meatus
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27
Q

A patient suffers a medial dislocation of the TMJ, what are some potential issues that may arise?

A

Damage to the Chorda Tympani Nerve:
- Impacts taste to the anterior 2/3 of tongue
- Submandibular and sublingual glands secretion (salivary glands)

Damage to the Middle Meningeal Artery:
(This artery is found in the first part/Mandibular part of the Maxillary Artery)
- Impacts blood flow to the meninges particularly the dura mater

28
Q

What are the borders of the Oral Cavity?

A

Superiorly: Hard and Soft palate
Inferiorly: Tongue
Laterally: Teeth
Anteriorly: Teeth
Posteriorly: Pharynx

29
Q

What contents are in the Oral Cavity?

A
  • Hard and Soft Palate
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
30
Q

For the teeth, what supplies and innervates the Upper Row?

A

Arterial Supply:
- Superior Alveolar Artery (Posterior, Anterior, and Middle), the 3rd part of the Maxillary Artery

Innervation:
- Superior Alveolar Nerve (Posterior, Anterior, and Middle), of V2 from the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

31
Q

For the teeth, what supplies and innervates the Lower Row?

A

Arterial Supply:
- Inferior Alveolar Artery, the 1st part of the Maxillary Artery

Innervation:
- Inferior Alveolar Artery of V3 from the Trigeminal Nerve

32
Q

Describe the role of the Palate. What does it consist of?

A

The Palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Consist of Hard and Soft Palate:

  • The Hard Palate is formed by the palatine plate from the maxillary and palatine bone
  • The Soft Palate acts as a valve closing the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
    • Composed of an aponeurosis anteriorly and muscles posteriorly
33
Q

What are the 5 Muscles of the Palate, their actions and innervations?

A
  • Tensor Veli Palatini: Tenses soft palate when yawing and swallowing (Mandibular N.)
  • Levator Veli Palatini: Elevates soft palate when yawing and swallowing (Vagus N.)
  • Palatoglossus: Lowers the palate onto tongue (Vagus N.)
  • Palatopharyngeus: Elevates and pulls the pharynx anteriorly during swallowing and speaking (Vagus N.)
  • Musculus Uvulae: Shortens and pulls the uvulae superiorly to close the nasopharynx (Vagus N.)
34
Q

What nerve provides sensation of the soft palate?

A

Lesser Palatine

35
Q

What nerve(s) provide sensation of the hard palate?

A

Greater Palatine and Nasopalatine

36
Q

Describe the Tongue.
(The function, parts, ect.) (5)

A
  • Functions in speech, taste and eating
  • Divided into an anterior 2/3, a posterior 1/3 and a roof of the tongue posteriorly
  • Fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
  • Has specialized mucosa with lingual papillae (contain taste buds)
  • Has 2 types of muscles (Extrinsic and Intrinsic)
    –To manipulate food and for speech
37
Q

What are the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue and what are their actions?

A
  • Genioglossus (Protrudes)
  • Hyoglossus (Depresses)
  • Palatoglossus (Elevates post. Tongue)
  • Styloglossus (Retracts)

These muscles control the tongues position

38
Q

What are the Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue?

A
  • Transverse Bundle
  • Superior Longitudinal Bundle
  • Inferior Longitudinal Bundle

These muscles control tongues shape

39
Q

What are the 5 nerves that innervate the tongue, what do they do?

A
  • Lingual N. : Sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Chorda Tympani (CN VII) : Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal N. : Does both sensory and taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Vagus N. : Does both sensory and taste for the roof of the tongue
  • Hypoglossal N. : Does motor for the tongue
40
Q

Where does the Lingual Artery arise from and what are its branches, what do they supply?

A

The Lingual Artery arises from the External Carotid Artery. This Artery passes deep to the Hyoglossus muscle and provides branches:
- Dorsal Lingual artery: Supplies root of tongue
- Deep Lingual Branches: Supply the body of the tongue
- Sublingual Arteries: Supply the sublingual glands, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and oral mucosa

These are the structures of the floor of the mouth

41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx and their function?

A

Nasopharynx: Respiratory function

Oropharynx: Digestive function

Laryngopharynx: Both Respiratory and Digestive Function
- Communicates with the larynx
- For the digestive system it serves as the pathway to the esophagus. The muscular walls aid the process of swallowing

42
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the Pharynx muscles?

A

All pharyngeal muscles, Except the Stylopharyngeus (CN IX) are innervated by Vagus Nerve (CN X)

43
Q

In the Pharynx, what muscles in the external layer constrict during swallowing?

A
  • Superior, Middle and Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

These muscles are the muscles that constrict during swallowing

44
Q

What are the Extra-Ocular Muscles?

A
  • Levator Palpebrae Superiori

Recti (4)
- Superior
- Inferior
- Lateral
- Medial

Oblique (2)
- Superior
- Inferior

45
Q

If you are looking “Up and Out” on the left side, which muscles are acting on the left eye and the right eye?

A
  • For the left Inferior oblique
  • For the Right eye the Superior Rectus
46
Q

If you are looking straight to the right side, which muscle are acting on the left eye and the right eye?

A

For the right eye the Lateral Rectus

For the left eye the Medial Rectus

47
Q

If you are looking “Down and Out” on the right side, which muscles are acting on the left eye and the right eye?

A

For the Right eye the Superior Oblique

For the left eye the Inferior Rectus

48
Q

In the eye, what is Sclera?

A

An opaque white fibrous layer covering the eye

  • Attachment sight for extrinsic muscles of the eyeball
49
Q

In the eye, what is the Cornea?

A

A convex and transparent layer, the most anterior part of the eye

  • Refracts light entering the eye
  • Protects the eye from external environment
50
Q

In the eye, what is the Iris?

A
  • The attachment site for intrinsic muscles of the eye
  • Controls the diameter to modify amount of light entering the eye
51
Q

In the eye, what is the Pupil?

A

A black opening in the center of the iris

  • Transmits light into the eye
52
Q

In the eye, what is the Lens?

A

A layer that is posterior to the pupil

  • This changes shape to focus objects
53
Q

What is the Dilator Pupillae? What type of innervation does it have?

A
  • An intrinsic muscle that has radially arranged fibers that dilates the pupil (Increases the diameter of pupil)

Has sympathetic innervation

54
Q

What is the sphincter Pupillae? What type of innervation does it have?

A
  • An intrinsic muscle that has circularly arranged fibers that constricts the pupil

Has Parasympathetic innervation (CN III)

55
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome? What is it characterized by?

A

A lesion of a Cervical sympathetic trunk in the neck

  • Characterized by:
    –Constriction of the pupil (Miosis)
    –Drooping of the superior eyelid (Ptosis)
    –Redness and increase temperature of the skin (vasodilation)
    –Absence of sweating (Anhydrosis)
56
Q

In the Inner layer of the Eye, what are the Retina, Rods, and Cones

A

Retina: A layer is the eye that light reaches and the image is detected by rods and cones

Rods: Detects black and white shades of light; most plentiful along the sides of the retina

Cones: Detects color; most plentiful in the posterior central portion called fovea

57
Q

What is the function of the External Ear?

A

Funnel sound waves

58
Q

What are the arteries that supply the External Ear?

A
  • Posterior Auricular (of External Carotid)
  • Superficial Temporal (of External Carotid)
59
Q

What are the nerves that innervate the External Ear?

A
  • Great Auricular (Cervical Plexus)
  • Auriculotemporal (of V3)
  • Auricular branches of Vagus N.
  • Branches of Facial
60
Q

What are the Boarders of the Middle Ear?

A

Tympanic membrane to Auditory Tube

61
Q

What contents are in the Middle Ear?

A
  • Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)
  • Auditory Ossicles
  • Tensory Tympani Muscles
  • Stapedius Muscle

Chorda Tympani N. Travels across the Tympanic Membrane

62
Q

What is the Tympanic Membrane?

A

Aka the Ear drum
- Sound waves hits the membrane which vibrates and transmits waves to bones of middle ear

63
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

  • These are the smallest bones in the body and they transmit the waves onto the cochlea
64
Q

What is the function of the Tensor Tympani Muscle? What innervates it?

A

Functions to tense the Tympani Membrane

Innervated by the Medial Pterygoid off the Mandibular (V3) of Trigeminal

65
Q

What is the function of the Stapedius Muscles? What innervates it?

A

Stabilizes the stapes (one of the auditory bone) to prevent excessive movement of stapes.

Innervated by a branch off the Facial Nerve

66
Q

What contents are in the Inner Ear? What are their functions?

A

Referred to as the Labyrinth

  • Cochlea: Sensory Organ for hearing
  • Vestibule: Responses to changes in positions of the head (ex. a head tilt) and linear acceleration
  • Semicircular Canal: Responds to rotational position of head (dynamic positions)

All innervated by Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

USA Term 2 (46 decks)

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