FMC (Unit 1) Flashcards
What is Situational Awareness?
The ability and perception to see the elements in the environment as critical components to framing the issues experienced by the patient
What is schema?
A mental structure for organizing knowledge
What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (Think of the three circles)
This is the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support.
(Can do independently -> Can do with Guidance -> Cant do, even with guidance)
What is cognitive load theory?
Learners can only process a limited amount of information at a time
What is situated cognition theory?
Thinking, in general, is a process that depends on the person and the environment
What is Dual Processing Theory?
Both analytic and non-analytic systems of thinking are used simultaneously in decision-making
(System 1 and System 2)
What is system 1 thinking?
-Non-analytical
-Fast thinking/ Forward reasoning
–Information is recognized -> quick to reason
-Automatic, involuntary
-Pattern recognition
–Heuristics
-Inductive reasoning
What is system 2 thinking?
-Analytical
-Slow thinking / Backwards reasoning
–Information is perceived->Analyzed for reason
-Conscious, effortful
-Logical
-Deductive reasoning
What are the advantages and disadvantages of system 1 thinking?
Advantages: Quicker, creative, and decisions are patient-centered
Disadvantages: Prone to bias, and easy to stagnate
What are the advantages and disadvantages of type 2 thinking?
Advantages: Accuracy, and foundational
Disadvantages: Lack of accuracy, slower, and impersonal
What does Paradigm mean?
A mental conceptualization
-set of assumptions
-way or ways of thinking
-or a methodology
Framework
-A basic structure underlying a system or concept
What is Diagnostic Reasoning?
Diagnostic reasoning considers that the diagnostician places information into a mental classification system, grouping relative information together, and separating confounding information into its own class
What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?
(The balance of system 1 and system 2 thinking)
-Taking an unstructured problem, and applying a structure to produce a small set of possible solutions as an efficient way to solve diagnostic problems
-Gather information
-Formulating questions (hypotheses)
-Testing hypothesis
What is Pattern Recognition?
The clinician recognizes certain features of a case almost instantly, and this recognition leads to the use of other relevant information, including ‘if-then’ rules of production in the clinician’s stored knowledge network
-illness scripts
What is intuitive Reasoning?
Comparing a current patient’s presentation to one experienced previously, a pattern formed from a previous instance
-Instance scripts
What is Social Constructivist?
Truth = related to meaning and context. Multiple realities, truths, and perspectives
Clinician and patient = Co-Experts
What is Narrative Reasoning?
To make sense of the parts of the narrative that the patient chooses to emphasize and why it is meaningful to them
-Shared understanding
What is Collaborative Reasoning?
Shared goal setting and decision-making by the patient and clinician
What is Ethical Reasoning?
A process that guides an clinician to resolve political, moral, and economic dilemmas
What is Teaching as Reason?
Aimed at behavior modification through empowering the patient with knowledge
What is Dialectical Reasoning?
The fluidity of reasoning between deductive, problem-solving strategies and inductive, narratively oriented communicative reasoning strategies
What is metacognition?
An awareness of the accuracy of one’s own thought processes
- Thinking about your thinking
What is the difference between Reflection-ON-Action and Reflection-IN-Action?
Reflection-ON-Action:
-After the action has occurred
-Look back and analyze
Reflection-IN-Action:
-During the action
-Active evaluation of your own thoughts, actions, and practices as they are occurring
What is Anchoring Bias?
A tendency to lock on to a feature of the patient’s presentation too early and failing to adjust in the light of later information
What is confirmation Bias?
A tendency to look for confirming evidence to support a diagnosis rather than look for disconfirming evidence to refute it, despite the latter often being more persuasive and definitive
What is Attribution Error?
A tendency to be judgmental and blame the patient for their illness or condition
What is Ascertainment Bias?
Thinking shaped by prior assumptions and preconceptions. Can include ageism, racism, stigmatism, and stereotyping
What is Gender Bias?
A tendency to believe that gender is a largely determining factor in the patient’s condition
What is Diagnostic Momentum?
When repeated diagnostic, tests, or interventions are in vogue
What is Overconfidence Bias?
-A Tendency to believe we know more than we actually do
-A tendency to act on incomplete information, intuition, or hunches, and too much faith is placed on opinion instead of carefully collected clues
What is unpacking principle?
A failure to collect all the relevant cues in establishing a differential diagnosis
