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USA Term 2 > Movement Science (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Movement Science (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Health Condition portion?

A

-Acute or chronic disorders, injuries or circumstances that have an impact on the individuals level of function
-Medical Diagnosis

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2
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Body Function and Structure portion?

A

Impairment of Body structures:
ex. joints swelling, muscle spasms, scarring, wounds, and amputations

Impairment of Body functions:
ex. Pain, reduced sensation, decreased ROM, decreased Strength/Power/Endurance, impaired balance/coordination, poor posture, decreased aerobic ability

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3
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Activity portion?

A

Activity limitations
(Examples)
-Reach, throw, catch, grasp
-Lifting, lowering, carrying
-pushing or pulling
-Bending, stooping
-turing, twisting
-Rolling
-Sitting, standing
-Transfers
-Squatting, kneeling
-walking, crawling, running
-Ascend/descend stairs

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4
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Participation portion?

A

Participation Restrictions
(Examples)
-Self-care
-Mobility in the community
-Occupational tasks
-school related tasks
-Home management (in/outdoor)
-Caring for dependents
-Recreational and leisure activities
-Socializing with friends and family
-Community responsibilities and services

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5
Q

What is the difference between Activity and participation?

A

Activity: Execution of a task or action by the individual

Participation: Involvement in a life situation

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6
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Environmental factors portion?

A

-Associated with physical, social, attitudinal environment in which people conduct their lives
-Architectural characteristics
-Legal and social structures
-Climate, terrain, etc.

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7
Q

In the ICF model, what goes in the Personal factors portion?

A

-Race
-Gender
-Family background
-Coping skills
-Education
-Profession
-Past and current experience
-Fitness
Psychological assets

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8
Q

What goes in the Examination portion in the patient/client model?

A

History
System Review
Test and Measures

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9
Q

What goes in the Evaluation portion in the patient/client model?

A

-Patient response to test and measures
-Integrated data with data collected in history
-Determine diagnosis
-Determine prognosis
-Develop POC

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10
Q

What goes in the Diagnosis portion in the patient/client model?

A

Diagnostic process
-Collection of data
-Analysis and interpretation leading to working hypothesis
-Organization of data and classifications into categories

Diagnostic category
-Identify and describe patterns of findings
-Purpose of POC, intervention and prognosis
-impact of health condition of the human movement

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11
Q

What goes in the Prognosis portion in the patient/client model?

A

-Prediction of a patients optimal level of function expected as a result of PT
-Determine an accurate prognosis is challenging

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12
Q

What goes in the Intervention portion in the patient/client model?

A

-PT selects, prescribes and implements interventions based on examination data, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis and goals
-Effective intervention results in the reduction/elimination of body function

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13
Q

What goes in the Outcome portion in the patine/client model?

A

-Results of implementing POC
-Functional outcomes
-Measuring outcomes

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14
Q

What is Hypothesis Oriented Practice?

A

-Hypothesis cause(s) of abnormal movement problems
-Determine appropriate test and measures (Rule in / Rule out)

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15
Q

What is Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians II (HOAC II)?

A

-The algorithm for planning and evaluating, this facilitates use of science in practice
-Describes a series of steps involved in making informed clinical decisions
-Hypothesis oriented approach of creating problem lists and hypotheses as to WHY the problems exist
-Monitors intervention effects and altering the POC

(Incorporates elements of the APTA’s guide to PT practice)

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16
Q

What is the Integrated Framework for Decision making?

A

-This unifies models for Clinical Reasoning
-Each step pose a hypothesis and collect data to support or refute
-Big emphasis on Interview
-Uses motor learning theory to inform clinical reasoning

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17
Q

What is Clinical Prediction Rules?

A

-Contains predictive factors
-Identifies subgroups of patients who are likely to benefit from a particular approach
-Caveat- Limited Evidence

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18
Q

What are the 18 steps of extremity Examination?

A

(Hypothesis Generation)
S1- Pain Assessment
S2- Initial Observation
S3- History

(Hypothesis Testing)
S4-15- Objective test and measures

(Hypothesis Confirmation or Rejection)
S16- Evaluation

(Diagnosis and Prognosis)
S17

(Intervention)
S18

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19
Q

What is Evidence-Based Practice?

A

-Conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best decisions about the patient care
-Combine knowledge of literature with clinical experience

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20
Q

What are the 8 Guiding Principles to achieve vision?

A

-Identity
-Quality
-Collaboration
-Value
-Innovation
-Consumer-Centricity
-Access and Equity
-Advocacy

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21
Q

What is the Identity Principle?

A

-Defines and promotes the movement system as the foundation for optimizing movement to improve health of society
-PT will evaluate and mange an individuals movement system across that life spine
-Movement system is core of PT practice, education, and research

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22
Q

What is the Movement System?

A

Integration of body systems that generate and maintain movement at all levels of bodily function

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23
Q

What is Quality Principle?

A

-Establish and adopt best practice standards in: Examination, Diagnosis, Intervention, and Outcome Measures
-Highest standards of teaching and learning
-Research collaborate with practitioners to expand evidence

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24
Q

What is the Collaboration Principle?

A

-Demonstrates value in collaboration: Health care providers, consumers, community organizations, & other disciplines
-Interprofessional education
-Interprofessional research

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25
Q

What is the Value Principle?

A

-“The health outcomes achieved per dollar spent”
-Service with best value will be: safe, effective, timely, patient-centered, equitable
-Meaningful and cost-effective PT outcomes

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26
Q

What is innovation Principle?

A

-Creative and proactive solutions to enhance delivery of services:
Delivery models, Practice patterns, Education, Research, Patient-centered procedures, and technology

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27
Q

What is Consumer-Centricity Prinicple?

A

Patient/client values and goals are central to all efforts

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28
Q

What is Access and Equity Principle?

A

Recognize and work to ameliorate health inequities and disparities

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29
Q

What is Advocacy Prinicple?

A

Advocacy for patient/clients as individuals and population

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30
Q

What is motor control?

A

The ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement

(Teacher Definition)
-Necessary INPUT, sufficiently processed, with an acceptable OUTPUT

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31
Q

What are the three Nature of Movements?

A

-Individual
-Task
-Environment

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32
Q

What are the individual systems underlying motor control? (3)

A

-Motor/Action systems
-Sensory/Perceptive systems
-Cognitive system

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33
Q

What is part of the Motor/Action systems?

A

-Neuromuscular
-Biomechanical

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34
Q

What is part of the Sensory/Perceptive systems?

A

-Peripheral sensory and higher-level processing
-Information regarding state of body and environment

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35
Q

What is part of the Cognitive systems?

A

-Attention
-Planning
-Problem-solving
-Motivation
-Emotional aspect of motor control

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36
Q

What is the difference between Discrete and Continuous, in terms of task constraints on movement control?

A

Discrete: Recognizable beginning and end

Continuous: Performer decides end

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37
Q

What is the difference between Closed and Open, in terms of task constraints on movement control?

A

Closed: Fixed or predictable environment (Little variation of movement)

Open: Unpredictable; must adopt movement strategy (Constant changing of positions)

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38
Q

What is the difference between Stability and Mobility, in terms of task constraints on movement control?

A

Stability: Nonmoving BOS

Mobility: Moving BOS

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39
Q

What is the difference between Manipulation and Non-Manipulation?

A

Manipulation: Use of your hands to accomplish a goal

Non-Manipulation: No use of hands

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40
Q

What are Regulatory Features, in terms of Environmental constraints on movement control?

A

Shapes movement, can affect motor performance (Weight, shape, size, surface, etc)

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41
Q

What are the Non-Regulatory Features, in terms of Environmental constraints on movement control?

A

May affect but does not shape movement (Background noise, wallcolor, etc.)

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42
Q

Referring to the 3 Natures of Movement (Task, individual, and Environment), what can be added in each category that affects movement?

A

Task-Mobility, Postural Control, UE function

Individual- Cognition, Motor/Action system, Sensory/Perceptual system

Environment- Regulatory features, Non-Regulatory features

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43
Q

What is the Theory of Motor Control?

A

-Ideas about the control of movement
-Provide a framework for interpreting behavior
-Guide for clinical action
-Dynamic and evolving
-Working hypothesis

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44
Q

What is Reflex Theory?

A

Sensation impairment in regulating movement. Reflexes were building blocks of behavior. Complex behavior resulted in reflex changing

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45
Q

What are the clinical Implications for Reflex Theory?

A

-Reflex testing should predict function
-Movement described/interpreted based on reflexes
-Motor retraining would focus on enhancing/reducing reflexes

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46
Q

What are some limitations for Reflex Theory?

A

-Does not explain spontaneous and voluntary movement
-Does not predict movement that occurs in absence of stimulus
-Does not explain fast movements
-Does not explain varies of movement responses

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47
Q

What is Hierarchical Theory?

A

Organizational control is Top-down. Brain controls all movement. Each successively higher level experts control over level below

Never Bottom-Up control

48
Q

What are limitations of Hierarchical Theory?

A

Does not explain normal reflexive behavior

49
Q

What are clinical implications of Hierarchical Theory?

A

-May explain presence of abnormal reflexive activity after cortical damage
-Facilitation of normal movement with proprioceptive input

50
Q

What is Motor Programming Theory?

A

Central motor pattern or motor program activated by sensory stimulus or central processes
-Stereotyped, hardwired response

51
Q

What are the limitations with Motor Programming Theory?

A

Central motor program cannot be the only determinant of action. Two identical commands can produce motor inputs

52
Q

What are clinical implications for Motor Programming Theory?

A

-Abnormal movements results from abnormalities in CPG or higher motor outputs
-Interventions should focus on retraining movements important to task

53
Q

What is System Theory?

A

Various brain and spinal centers work cooperatively to accommodate demands of intended movement

54
Q

What are clinical implications for Systems Theory?

A

-Focus on individual systems and interaction of multiple systems
-Movement is emergent
-Normal movement has variability encourage flexible movement patterns

55
Q

What are the assumptions for Task Oriented Approach to Patient Care?

A

-Normal movement emerges as interaction of many systems
-Movement is organized around a behavioral goal and is constrained by the environment

56
Q

What are the clinical implications for Task Oriented Approach to Patient Care?

A

-Essential to work on functional tasks when retraining movement
-Learn through active problem solving
-Adaptation to changes in environment is critical

57
Q

What is Task Analysis?

A

-Detailed observational analysis of whole body movement
–Determine if movement is typical
–Where performance problems occur

-Guides clinician to identify the nature of the movement pattern

-Shape the POC

58
Q

What is the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Initial Condition
Preparation
Initiation
Execution
Termination
Outcome

59
Q

What is included in the Initial condition in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

-State of the individual and environment

-Posture
-Ability to interact with environment
-Environment context

60
Q

What is included in the Preparation in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Period of time when the movement is being organized within the CNS
-Stimulus identification
-Response selection
-Response programming

61
Q

What is included in the Initiation portion in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Initiation of movement is the instance when the displacement begins
-5 body segments: Head/Neck, Upper truck, Lower trunk, UE, LE

-Important parameters:
Timing, Direction, and Smoothness

62
Q

What is included in the Execution portion in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Period of actual segment movement

-Important parameters:
Amplitude, Direction, Speed, Smoothness

63
Q

What is included in the Termination portion in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Refers to the instant when movement stops

Important parameters:
Timing, Stability, Accuracy

64
Q

What is included in the Outcome portion in the Temporal Sequence of Movement?

A

Refers to whether the movement was reached successfully

65
Q

What is Postural Control?
Postural stability?
Postural orientation?

A

Controlling the body’s position in space for the purpose of stability and orientation

Postural stability: Control COM within BOS

Postural orientation: Alignment and orientation

66
Q

What are the three Movement Control Principles?

A

-Steady State Balance
-Reactive Balance (relies on feedback control)
-Anticipatory Balance (relies on Feedforward control)

67
Q

What are the essential characteristics in Sit tTo Stand?

A

-Sufficient joint torque
-Stability
-Ability to modify

68
Q

What are the phases of Sit To Stand?

A

Weight shift (Flexion moment)
Lift off
Extension
Stabilization

69
Q

Why is Rolling important?

A

Important part of bed mobility.
-Movement strategies are highly variable.
Rolling typically requires a rotary component of the trunk combined with movements of the UE and/or LE

70
Q

What is involved with locating a target or object?

A

Coordination of eye-head movements
-Involves feedforward and feedback control

71
Q

What is the difference between Reach and Grasp?

A

Reach: Transportation of the arm and hand

Grasp: Grip formation, grasp and release of object

(Control of movement is dependent)

72
Q

What is required for a successful grasp?

A

-Hand must be adaptive to the shape, size, and the use of the object
-Finger movement must be times appropriately

73
Q

Power Grip vs. Precision Grip.

A

Power Grip: Finger and thumb pads are directly toward the palm to transmit a force to an object

Precision Grip: Forces are directed between the thumb and fingers
-Allows movement of object relative to hand and within the hand

74
Q

What are the four phases of Grasp and Lift Tasks?

A

-Lift starts with contact between fingers and object
-Grip force and the load force increasing
-Load force overcomes the weight of object and it starts to move
-End of task when there is a decrease in the grip and load force

75
Q

What is Fitt’s Law?

A

Whenever arm movement precision is increased or movement distance is increased, movement time becomes longer

76
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

A

The human nervous system that has the capability to grow, develop, and adapt to change over time

77
Q

What is Positive and Negative Neuroplasticity? What the factors against the success of neuroplasticity?

A

As neuroplasticity occurs, it can be very effective and lead to great outcomes; however can be less effective and have negative or poorer outcomes.

Factors against:
-Nature/cause of disease or injury
-Environmental factors
-Quality of rehab

78
Q

How does Neuroplasticity happen?

A

Neurogenesis
-Occurs in the development brain but also occurs in the adult brain in the hippocampus

Primary function of the hippocampus is for learning and memory

79
Q

What happens if Cortical Recognition is damaged?

A

If damaged is sever and nerve cells die, the brain can re-organize itself so other areas of the brain take over the activity of the injured area.
-Areas adjust their function, location, and activity

–The brain will reorganize accordance to experience and stimulation (or lack of it)

80
Q

What are the 10 Principles of Experience-dependent Plasticity?

A

-Use it or lose it: Failure to drive specific brain function can lead to degeneration

-Use it and improve it: Training that drives a specific brain function can enhance function

-Specificity: The nature of the training experience dictates the nature of plasticity

-Repetition Matters: Induction of plasticity requires repetition

-Intensity Matters: Induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

-Time Matters: Different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training

-Salience Matters: Training experience must sufficiently salient to induce plasticity

-Age Matters: Training-induced plasticity more induced in younger brains

-Transference: Plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors

-Interference: Plasticity in response to ones experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors

81
Q

How can we promote neuroplasticity?

A

-Use the 10 principles of experience-dependent plasticity
-Exercise
-Healthy diet and nutrition
-Good sleep patterns

82
Q

Motor Learning vs. Motor Performance.

A

Motor Learning: Relatively permanent change, happens over time

Motor Performance: Temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice, early in the learning process

83
Q

What is the Cognitive Stage of Learning?

A

“What to do”
-Learners needs to understand what the task is and what is required to complete it
-Requires a lot of trial and error
-Provide learners with visual, auditory and physical instruction
-Have patient explain task verbally and provide feedback as needed

84
Q

What is the Associative Stage of Learning?

A

“How to do it”
-Learner is now refining and perfecting the task
-Less errors are seen and more independent performance on task
-Less reliance on visual input as proprioception improves
-More consistent performance seen in task

85
Q

What is the Autonomous Stage of Learning?

A

“How to Succeed”
-More independent practice
-Mostly error-free
-Movement becomes automatic
-Learner self-evaluates
-Able to dual task

86
Q

What is intrinsic Feedback?

A

Individuals own sensory information from tactile, proprioception, visual, vestibular and/or auditory receptors

87
Q

What is Extrinsic Feedback?

A

External feedback given by therapist such as tactile, visual, verbal

88
Q

In Extrinsic Feedback Progression, what is Concurrent Feedback to Terminal Feedback?

A

Concurrent Feedback: Given during the task performance

TO

Terminal Feedback: Given at end of task performance

89
Q

In Extrinsic Feedback Progression, what is Knowledge of Performance (KP) and Knowledge of Results (KR)?

A

Knowledge of Performance (KP): Feedback related to the movement pattern used to achieve the movement outcome

AND

Knowledge of Results (KR): Terminal feedback about movement outcome

90
Q

In Extrinsic Feedback Progression, What is Immediate Feedback TO Delayed Feedback TO Summary Feedback TO Faded Feedback TO Bandwidth Feedback?

A
  • Immediate Feedback: Given immediately after movement
    TO
  • Delayed Feedback: Brief time delay allowed before given feedback
    TO
  • Summary Feedback: Feedback after a set number of trials
    TO
  • Faded Feedback: Feedback given less frequent with ongoing practice
    TO
  • Bandwidth Feedback: Feedback given only if performance falls outside a predetermined error range
91
Q

In Practice Progression, What is Massed vs. Distributed progression?

A

Masses: has more practice time vs rest time

Distributed: has more rest time vs practice time

*This depends on the patient, either can be chosen, however usually progressed TO massed in the autonomous stage**

92
Q

In Practice Progression, What is Constant TO Variable?

A

Constant: Task is practiced in the same way with no variety

TO

Variable: Task is practiced in variable conditions and parameters

93
Q

In Practice Progression, What is Blocked TO Random?

A

Blocked: Same task repeated throughout whole practice time

TO

Random: A variety of task are practiced during practice time

94
Q

In Practice Progression, What is Part to Whole?

A

Part: Learning individual components of the task progressing

TO

Whole:complete the whole task at once

95
Q

What are the three models of the Human Movement system?

A
  1. Kinesiologic Model
  2. Pathokinesiologic Model
  3. Kinesiopathologic Model
96
Q

What is the key principle of the Kinesiologic Model?

A

Optimal functioning and interaction of body systems is needed to maintain good musculoskeletal health

97
Q

In the Kinesiologic Model, what three elements determine optimal functioning?

A

-Variety in joint movements and postures

-Precise movement (Optimal kinesiological standard for movement)

-Good Musculoskeletal health

98
Q

What is the Pathokinesiologic Model?

A

The study of abnormal movement that IS CAUSED BY an underlying pathologic condition

-How pathology affects movement
-Move beyond consideration of just pathoanatomical or pathophysiological conditions

99
Q

What four element in the Pathokinesiologic model determine that abnormal movement is caused by an underlying condition ?

A

-Disease, injury, Abnormality

-Impairments in component elements

-Movement impairment

-Disability

100
Q

What is the Kinesiopathologic Model?

A

The idea that imprecise, abnormal or excessive movement CAN CAUSE specific anatomical or physiological conditions

-Idea that movement can create pathology
-Empirical bases: Repetitive movements and sustained postures can positively or negatively influence bodily tissue

101
Q

What five elements in the Kinesiopathologic Model determine that abnormal or excessive movement can cause specific anatomical or physiologic conditions?

A

-Increased, abnormal or excessive repetitive movements and sustained postures

-Impairments in component elements

-Movement impairments

-Disease, injury, abnormality

-Functional limitations and disability

102
Q

What are the four elements of the Movement system?

A

-Base Element: Muscular and Skeletal system

-Modular System: Nervous system

-Support Elements: Cardiac, Pulmonary, Endocrine/Metabolic, Integumentary

-Biomechanics: Static and Dynamics

103
Q

In the Muscular and Skeletal System, what are the 3 components?

A

1)Muscle Strength/Performance

2) Muscle Length

3) Joint mobility / Boney structural Variations

104
Q

In the Muscular and Skeletal System, Muscle Strength/Performance portion, What are potential impairments?

A

-Muscle atrophy
-Muscle strain
-Neuromodulation

These three can cause Decreased force production, Muscle endurance and power

105
Q

In the Muscular and Skeletal System, Muscle Length, What are potential impairments?

A

-Lengthened muscles
–Can cause weakness

-Short and/or Stiff Muscles
–Decreased Mobility

106
Q

In the Muscular and Skeletal System, Joint integrity or mobility/Boney Structural variations portion, What are potential impairments?

A

-Joint surface or capsule impairments
–Can cause Joint Hyper/Hypomobility

107
Q

In the Nervous System, what are the three components?

A

-Recruitment, Timing, order, magnitude of motor unit activation
-Sensation and Perception
-Cognition

108
Q

In the Nervous System, Recruitment, Timing, order, magnitude of motor unit portion, what are potential impairments?

A

Altered motor unit activity. Coordination, timing, symmetry impairments

109
Q

In the Nervous System, Sensation and perception portion, what are potential impairments?

A

Impairments in proprioception, kinesthesia, peripheral and higher-level processing

110
Q

In the Nervous System, Cognition portion, what are potential impairments?

A

Impairments in attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, emotion, etc

111
Q

In the Nervous System, Neural Mobility/Neurodynamics portion, what are potential impairments?

A

Adverse neurodynamics, decreased mobility, adhesions, hypersensitivity, pain, muscle atrophy, sensory loss, etc

112
Q

In the movement system (In the support element portion which includes: Cardiac, Pulmonary, Endocrine/Metabolic, Integumentary), what are potential impairments of the Cardiovascular System?

A

Impaired oxygen consumption, distribution and/or utilization needed for movement

113
Q

In the movement system (In the support element portion which includes: Cardiac, Pulmonary, Endocrine/Metabolic, Integumentary), what are potential impairments of the Pulmonary system?

A

Insufficient oxygen delivery/supply needed for movement

114
Q

In the movement system (In the support element portion which includes: Cardiac, Pulmonary, Endocrine/Metabolic, Integumentary), what are potential impairments of the Endocrine/Metabolic system?

A

Altered homeostasis and production of necessary hormones. Impaired energy consumption and replenishment

115
Q

In the movement system (In the support element portion which includes: Cardiac, Pulmonary, Endocrine/Metabolic, Integumentary), what are potential impairments of the Integumentary?

A

Decreased mobility secondary to poor skin integrity, wounds, restrictions, and adhesions.

116
Q

In the movement system, in the Statics and Dynamics portion, what are potential Static impairments?

A

Alterations/impairments in alignment, muscle activation, joint/soft tissue stress, bone remodeling

117
Q

In the movement system, in the Statics and Dynamics portion, what are potential Dynamic impairments?

A

Faulty arthrokinematics and/or Osteokinematic motion(s)

USA Term 2 (19 decks)

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