Module 28: Expected Development in Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What stage of adulthood are the people who are in their prime?

A

Middle-Aged people are in their prime

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2
Q

What do individuals who score the highest in the study of Schaie tend to have?

A

Individuals who scored the highest in the study of Schaie tended to have high educational levels, flexible personalities, intact families, pursue cognitively complex occupations and other activities, to be married to someone more cognitively advanced, to be satisfied with their accomplishments

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3
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

+ ability to solve novel problems, such as problems that require little or no previous knowledge
+peak in young adulthood
+ many older adults perform in the real world at high levels despite declines in fluid intelligence

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4
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

+ ability to remember and use information acquired over a lifetime, such as academics
+ increase through middle age and often until the end of life

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5
Q

What do mature adults show increasing competence in?

A

Mature adults show increasing competence in solving problems in their chosen field

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6
Q

Specialized Knowledge or Expertise

A

form of crystallized intelligence that is related to the process of encapsulation

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7
Q

Why do adults not usually depend on the brain’s information-processing-machinery?

A

Adults do not usually depend on the brain’s information-processing-machinery because some adult’s fluid intelligence becomes encapsulated (dedicated in handling specific kinds of knowledge)

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8
Q

How can expert thinking be described?

A

Expert thinking often seems automatic and intuitive

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9
Q

What is a characteristic of postformal thought?

A

Such intuitive, experience-based thinking is also a characteristic of Postformal Thought

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10
Q

What is an important feature of postformal thought?

A

An important feature of postformal thought is its integrative nature – adults interpret what they read, see, or hear in terms of its meaning for them

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11
Q

Phased Retirement

A

people reduce works hours or days, gradually moving into retirement over a number of years

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12
Q

Bridge Employment

A

switching to another company or new line of work

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13
Q

How can work improve the cognitive abilities of adults?

A

If work, both on job and home, could be made meaningful and challenging, more adults might retain or improve cognitive abilities

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14
Q

What do employers say about the benefits of workplace education?

A

Employers see benefits of workplace education in improved morale, increased quality of work, better teamwork and problem solving, and greater ability to
cope with new technology and other changes in workplace

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15
Q

Literacy

A

fundamental requisite for participation not only in the workplace but in all facets of a modern, information-driven society

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16
Q

Religion

A

organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other

17
Q

Religiousness

A

degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in its rituals and practices

18
Q

Spirituality

A

involves experiencing something beyond oneself in transcendent manner

19
Q

What biological sex shows stronger interest in religion and spirituality: women or men?

A

Women have consistently shown stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men

20
Q

What are the three most distinct human qualities according to Viktor Frankl?

A

Viktor Frankl said that the three most distinct human qualities are spirituality, freedom, and responsibility

21
Q

Spirituality

A

in Viktor Frankl’s view, refers to a human being’s uniqueness of spirit, philosophy, and mind

22
Q

According to Victor Frankl, how can a sense of meaning in life help somebody?

A

Having a sense of meaning in life can lead to clearer guidelines for living one’s life and enhanced motivation to take care of oneself and reach goals

23
Q

What are the four main needs for meaning that guide how people try to make sense of their lives according to Viktor Frankl?

A
  1. Need for Purpose
  2. Need for Values
  3. Need for a sense of efficacy
  4. Need for Self-Worth
24
Q

Need for Purpose

A

goals and fulfillments

25
Q

Need for Values

A

enable people to decide whether certain acts are right or wrong

26
Q

Need for a sense of efficacy

A

belief that they can control their environment

27
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation

A

enhancing overall cognitive functioning by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened

28
Q

Selecting

A

fewer and more meaningful activities or goals

29
Q

Optimizing

A

the resources they have to achieve their goals

30
Q

Compensating

A

using resources in alternative ways to achieve their goals