Module 25: Expected Development in Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Information Processing in Middle and Late Childhood

A

Faster and more efficient information processing and an increased ability to ignore distractions

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2
Q

Gray Matter

A

+ The overall volume of gray matter (linked with IQ) increases pre-puberty and declines post-puberty
+ Decline is due to loss in the density of gray matter

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3
Q

When does gray matter volume peak for girls?

A

Gray matter volume peaks 1 to 2 years earlier in girls than boys

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4
Q

What is the loss in density of gray matter balanced by?

A

The loss in density of gray matter with age is balanced by another change – a steady increase in white matter

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5
Q

Motor Skills

A

+ Motor Skills continue to improve in middle childhood
+ Children play games during recess which usually involves socialization

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6
Q

What do boys and girls like to play in their middle/late childhood?

A

Boys typically play physically (running), whereas girls loves games that involves verbal expression or counting out loud (jump rope, hopscotch)

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7
Q

Rough-And-Tumble Play

A

wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, accompanied by laughing and screaming

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8
Q

What do 6-9 year olds need?

A

6-9 year olds need more flexible rules, shorter instruction time, and more free time to practice than older children

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9
Q

What are older children able to do that younger children?

A

Older children are able to process instruction and learn team strategies

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10
Q

Body Image

A

Body Image (how one believes one looks) becomes important early in middle childhood, especially for girls, which could lead to eating disorders during adolescence (may be influenced by playing unrealistic dolls such as barbie)

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11
Q

What Piagetian stage do children enter at 7 years of age?

A

At about 7 years of age, children enter the stage of Concrete Operations according to Jean Piaget

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12
Q

Concerete Operations

A

Children can now think logically because they can take multiple aspects of situations into account. However, their thinking is still limited to real situations in the here and now

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13
Q

What do children have a better understanding of at middle and late childhood?

A

✓ Spatial concepts
✓ Causality
✓ Categorization
✓ Inductive and Deductive reasoning
✓ Conservation
✓ Numbers

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14
Q

Spatial concepts

A

allows to interpret maps and navigate environment

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15
Q

Causality

A

makes judgement about cause and effects

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16
Q

What are the different types of categorization?

A
  1. Seriation
  2. Transitive Inferences/Transivity
  3. Class Inclusion
17
Q

Seriation

A

arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions

18
Q

Transitive Inferences/Transivity

A

e.g. A < B < C

19
Q

Class Inclusion

A

ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts, and to understand categories within a whole

20
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

involves making observations about particular members of a class of people, animals, objects, or events, and then
drawing conclusions about the class as a whole

21
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

starts with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class

22
Q

What kind of reasoning do children use in the concrete operations stage according to Piaget?

A

Piaget believed that children in the concrete operations stage only used inductive reasoning

23
Q

What are the different types of Conservation?

A
  1. Principle of Identity
  2. Principle of Reversibility
  3. Decenter
24
Q

Principle of Identity

A

still same object even though it has different appearance

25
Q

Principle of Reversibility

A

can picture what would happen if he tried to roll back the clay of snake

26
Q

Decenter

A

ability to look at more than one aspect of the two objects at once

27
Q

Numbers

A

+ Children use increasingly precise verbs, simile and metaphor
+ Rarely use passive voice
+ Understanding of rules of syntax becomes more sophisticated with age
+ Sentence structure continue to become more elaborate

28
Q

Use of Numbers/Grammar by Boys

A

Boys tend to use more controlling statements, negative interruptions, and competitive statements

29
Q

Use of Numbers/Grammar by Girls

A

Girls phrase their remarks in a more tentative, conciliatory way and are more polite and cooperative

30
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

an individual’s belief that they can execute behaviors necessary to attain specific performance

31
Q

What can increase self-efficacy?

A

Doing well in school increases self-efficacy

32
Q

Who tends to better in school amongst biological sexes?

A

Girls tend to do better in school than boys

33
Q

What kind of children are most likely to tend to do poorly in school?

A

Children who are disliked by their peers tend to do poorly in school

34
Q

What do many educators believe to benefit students?

A

Many educators argue that smaller classes benefit students