Module 2: Research Methods in Development Psychology and Ethics

Question 1

What are the APA General Principles?

Answer 1

1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
2. Fidelity and Responsibility
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 2

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Answer 2

take care to do no harm; minimize harm

Question 3

Fidelity and Responsibility

Answer 3

establish relationships of trusts, upholding professional standards of conduct, cooperate with other professionals if needed to serve the best interests of the client, and strive to contribute their professional time, compensated or not

Question 4

Integrity

Answer 4

promote accuracy, honesty, truthfulness

Question 5

Justice

Answer 5

Fairness and justice to all person to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology

Question 6

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Answer 6

Respect the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

Question 7

General Principles of PAP

Answer 7

1. Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples
2. Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples
3. Integrity
4. Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

Question 8

Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples

Answer 8

+ Respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
+ Free and informed consent
+ Privacy, fairness, and justice

Question 9

Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and People

Answer 9

working for their benefit and do no harm

Question 10

Integrity

Answer 10

+ honesty, truthfulness, open and accurate communication
+ appropriate professional boundaries, multiple relationships, and conflicts of interest

Question 11

Professionals and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

Answer 11

+ contributing knowledge
about human behavior
+ conducting affairs within
society with highest
ethical standards

Question 12

Ethnocentrism

Answer 12

one’s group is superior than other groups

Question 13

What are the basic research designs?

Answer 13

1. Descriptive
2. Case Study
3. Ethnographic Studies
4. Correlational Study
5. Experiment
6. Quasi-Experiment

Question 14

Descriptive Study

Answer 14

aims to observe and record behavior

Question 15

Case Study

Answer 15

+ study of a certain individual or group
+ useful in rare cases
+ offers useful, in-depth information
+ can explore sources of behavior, test treatments, and suggest directions for further research
+ cannot be easily generalized to other population
+ cannot make strong causal statements
+ low external validity

Question 16

Ethnographic Studies

Answer 16

+ seeks to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society’s way of life
+ case study of the culture
+ open to observer bias
+ help overcome cultural biases in theory and research
+ debunks the logic of western developed theories can be universally applied

Question 17

Correlational Study

Answer 17

+ determines whether a correlation exists between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purposes of research
+ study of the relationship between one variable and another without manipulation
+ no random assignment
+ lack of control over extraneous variables
+ cannot establish causation
+ used to study many important issues that cannot be studied experimentally for ethical reasons
+ can study multiple influences operating in natural settings
+ high external validity

Question 18

Experimental Study

Answer 18

+ controlled procedure which the experiment manipulated variables to learn how one affects another
+ establish cause-and-effect
+ permit replication
+ manipulation
+ could encounter ethical issues
+ can be artificial
+ high internal validity

Question 19

Quasi-Experimental Study

Answer 19

+ natural experiment; compares people who have accidentally been assigned to separate groups by circumstances of life
+ actually, a correlational study

Question 20

What are the different developmental research designs?

Answer 20

1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
3. Sequential

Question 21

Cross-sectional

Answer 21

+ children of different ages are assessed at ONE point in time
+ more economical
+ no cases of attrition (dropping out of the study) or repeated testing (practice effect)
+ individual differences and trajectories may be obscured
+ results can be affected of differing experiences of people born at different times

Question 22

Longitudinal

Answer 22

+ study the SAME GROUP or PERSON more than once, or even years apart
+ can track individual patterns of continuity and change
+ time-consuming and expensive
+ repeated testing could result to practice effect
+ attrition could be a problem
+ turnover of research personnel, loss of funding, or the development of new measures or methodologies

Question 23

Sequential

Answer 23

+ data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
+ track people of different ages over time
+ allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects and provides more complete picture of development
+ drawbacks: time, effort, and complexity
+ requires large number of participants and collection and analysis of huge amounts of data over a period of years
+ Cohort Effects: important because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in a study ostensibly concerned with age