Module 2: Research Methods in Development Psychology and Ethics Flashcards
What are the APA General Principles?
- Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and Responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
take care to do no harm; minimize harm
Fidelity and Responsibility
establish relationships of trusts, upholding professional standards of conduct, cooperate with other professionals if needed to serve the best interests of the client, and strive to contribute their professional time, compensated or not
Integrity
promote accuracy, honesty, truthfulness
Justice
Fairness and justice to all person to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
Respect the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
General Principles of PAP
- Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples
- Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples
- Integrity
- Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples
+ Respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
+ Free and informed consent
+ Privacy, fairness, and justice
Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and People
working for their benefit and do no harm
Integrity
+ honesty, truthfulness, open and accurate communication
+ appropriate professional boundaries, multiple relationships, and conflicts of interest
Professionals and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
+ contributing knowledge
about human behavior
+ conducting affairs within
society with highest
ethical standards
Ethnocentrism
one’s group is superior than other groups
What are the basic research designs?
- Descriptive
- Case Study
- Ethnographic Studies
- Correlational Study
- Experiment
- Quasi-Experiment
Descriptive Study
aims to observe and record behavior
Case Study
+ study of a certain individual or group
+ useful in rare cases
+ offers useful, in-depth information
+ can explore sources of behavior, test treatments, and suggest directions for further research
+ cannot be easily generalized to other population
+ cannot make strong causal statements
+ low external validity
Ethnographic Studies
+ seeks to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society’s way of life
+ case study of the culture
+ open to observer bias
+ help overcome cultural biases in theory and research
+ debunks the logic of western developed theories can be universally applied
Correlational Study
+ determines whether a correlation exists between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purposes of research
+ study of the relationship between one variable and another without manipulation
+ no random assignment
+ lack of control over extraneous variables
+ cannot establish causation
+ used to study many important issues that cannot be studied experimentally for ethical reasons
+ can study multiple influences operating in natural settings
+ high external validity
Experimental Study
+ controlled procedure which the experiment manipulated variables to learn how one affects another
+ establish cause-and-effect
+ permit replication
+ manipulation
+ could encounter ethical issues
+ can be artificial
+ high internal validity
Quasi-Experimental Study
+ natural experiment; compares people who have accidentally been assigned to separate groups by circumstances of life
+ actually, a correlational study
What are the different developmental research designs?
- Cross-sectional
- Longitudinal
- Sequential
Cross-sectional
+ children of different ages are assessed at ONE point in time
+ more economical
+ no cases of attrition (dropping out of the study) or repeated testing (practice effect)
+ individual differences and trajectories may be obscured
+ results can be affected of differing experiences of people born at different times
Longitudinal
+ study the SAME GROUP or PERSON more than once, or even years apart
+ can track individual patterns of continuity and change
+ time-consuming and expensive
+ repeated testing could result to practice effect
+ attrition could be a problem
+ turnover of research personnel, loss of funding, or the development of new measures or methodologies
Sequential
+ data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
+ track people of different ages over time
+ allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects and provides more complete picture of development
+ drawbacks: time, effort, and complexity
+ requires large number of participants and collection and analysis of huge amounts of data over a period of years
+ Cohort Effects: important because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in a study ostensibly concerned with age
