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TOS DevPsych > Module 1: Perspectives on Nature and Nurture > Flashcards

Module 1: Perspectives on Nature and Nurture Flashcards

1
Q

Human Development

A

focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people

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1
Q

Life-Span Development

A

concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically

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2
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

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3
Q

What are the domains of development?

A
  1. Physical development
  2. Cognitive development
  3. Psychosocial development
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4
Q

Physical Development

A

growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health

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5
Q

Cognitive Development

A

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

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6
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

emotions, personality,
and social relationships

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7
Q

Social Construction

A

a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society

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8
Q

Stability-Change Issue

A

which involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persists through life or change

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9
Q

Continuity-Discontinuity

A

focuses on the degree to
which development involves either gradual, cumulative change

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10
Q

Growth

A

+ physical changes
+ quantitative

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11
Q

Maturation

A

+ transitional state that tells a person is fully functional
+ the unfolding of natural sequence of physical change and behavior patterns

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12
Q

Development

A

+ functional changes
+ it encompasses physical, social, and mental aspects
+ progressive

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13
Q

Learning

A

how a person adapts to the environment

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14
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits

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15
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those
individuals (measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits)

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16
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

studied the heredity in plants

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17
Q

Selective Breeding

A

+ involves attempting to breed
animals for a particular trait to determine whether the
trait is heritable
+ Genes contribute to such attributes as activity
level, emotionality, aggressiveness, and sex drive
in rats mice, and chickens

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18
Q

Types of studies on heritability

A
  1. Twin Studies
  2. Adoption Studies
  3. Family Studies
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19
Q

Concordance Rate

A

the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too

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20
Q

Reaction Range

A

potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait

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21
Q

Canalized Range (Canalization)

A

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

  • e.g. eye color; motor and language development
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22
Q

Epigenetics

A

Genes turn on and off in patterned ways throughout the life span as triggered by the environment

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23
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction

A

the effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experience, and how we respond to the environment depends on what gene we have

(e.g. intelligence is strongly influenced by heredity, but is also affected by parental stimulation, education, peer influence, and others)

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24
Q

What are three factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality?

A
  1. Genes
  2. Shared environmental influences
  3. Nonshared environmental influences
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25
Q

Shared Environmental Influences

A

common experiences that work to make individuals similar (e.g. parenting style)

26
Q

Nonshared Environmental Influences

A

unique experiences to the individual – those who are not shared with the other members of the family (e.g. favoritism)

27
Q

What are the three kinds of gene-environment correlations?

A
  1. Passive Gene-Environment
  2. Evocative Gene-Environment
  3. Active Gene-Environment
28
Q

Passive Gene-Environment

A

parents’ decisions for their children is influenced partly by the parents’ genotypes

e.g. Intelligent parents will provide an intelligence-stimulating environment for their child whose intelligence from heredity will be further nurtured.

29
Q

Evocative Gene-Environment

A

+ child’s genotype evokes certain kinds of reactions from people
+ Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence, the kind of social experiences the child will experience

e.g. A teacher notices that a child is musically inclined and provides opportunities for the child to further her musical skills.

30
Q

Active-Gene Environment

A

children’s genotype influences the environments they seek (also called niche-building)

31
Q

Heredity

A

consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child’s parents (nature)

32
Q

Environment

A

influences stems from the outside body, starting from conception throughout life (nurture)

33
Q

What are the contexts of development?

A
  1. Family
  2. Socioeconomic Status
  3. Culture
  4. Gender
  5. History
34
Q

Family

A

involves nuclear and extended family

35
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation

36
Q

Culture

A

society’s or group’s total way of life

37
Q

Ethnic Gloss

A

overgeneralization that obscures or blurs variations

38
Q

Race

A

identifiable biological category, is more accurately defined social construct

39
Q

What are the types of influences regarding history?

A
  1. Normative Influences
  2. Normative Age-Graded Influences
  3. Normative History-Graded Influences
40
Q

Normative Influences

A

biological or environmental events that affects many or most people in a society in a similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals

41
Q

Normative History-Graded Influences

A

+ Historical Generation
+ Age Cohort

42
Q

Historical Generation

A

group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives

43
Q

Age Cohort

A

group of people born at about the same time

44
Q

Nonnormative

A

unusual events that have major impacts on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle

45
Q

Imprinting

A

instinctively follow the first moving object they see

46
Q

Critical Period

A

specific time when a given or its absence, has a specific impact on development

47
Q

Sensitive Period

A

when developing person is especially responsive to certain kind of experience

48
Q

Plasticity

A

modifiability of performance

49
Q

Theory

A

set of logically related concept or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions

50
Q

Hypothesis

A

explanations or predictions that can be tested further by research

51
Q

John Locke

A

tabula rasa

52
Q

Jean Jacques Rosseau

A

children are born “noble savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society

53
Q

Mechanistic Model

A

people are like machines that react to environmental input (reactive)

54
Q

Organismic Model

A

people as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react (active)

55
Q

Continuous

A

gradual and incremental

56
Q

Discontinuous

A

abrupt or even

57
Q

Quantitative Change

A

change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size

58
Q

Qualitative Change

A

emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning

59
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

60
Q

Nativist Perspective

A

genes

61
Q

Empiricist Perspective

A

environment

62
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

all children acquire language in the same way

TOS DevPsych (25 decks)

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