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TOS DevPsych > Module 21: Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Module 21: Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of late adulthood?

A
  1. Young Old (60-75)
  2. Old-Old (75-85)
  3. Oldest Old (85 and older)
  4. Octogenarian (80s)
  5. Centenarian (Over 100 yrs old)
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2
Q

How can an optimistic view affect older adults?

A

The optimistic view of oldies seems to help protect older adults against the long-term effects of serious health threats like stroke

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3
Q

Frail Elderly

A

older adults who cannot care for themselves

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4
Q

What are the most common chronic health conditions during late adulthood?

A

Most common chronic health conditions: Hypertension, Arthritis

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5
Q

What kind of twins are more similar in length of life?

A

Identical twins are more similar in length of life than fraternal twins

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6
Q

Who are the adults who are most likely to live longer?

A

Adults whose parents and grandparents were long lived are also likely to live longer

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7
Q

What are the different theories of biological aging?

A
  1. Hayflick Limit
  2. Programmed Senescence Theory
  3. Endocrine Theory
  4. Immunological Theory
  5. Evolutionary Theory
  6. Variable-Rate Theories
  7. Wear-and-Tear Theory
  8. Free-Radical Theory
  9. Autoimmune Theory
  10. Cross-Linking Theory
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8
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

+ cells simply lose their capacity to replicate themselves
+ Telomeres become shorter as the cell divides
+ cells can divide for no more than 50 times

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9
Q

Programmed Senescence Theory

A

+ aging also may be influenced by specific genes “switching off” after age-related losses occur (Epigenesis)
+ age-related physical declines result from species-specific genes for aging
+ prevents older, presumably less fit from becoming parents at an age when they are unlikely to be able to raise offspring to maturity

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10
Q

Endocrine Theory

A

biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging

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11
Q

Immunological Theory

A

programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death

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12
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives

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13
Q

Variable-Rate Theories

A

aging is the results of random processes that vary from person to person (Error theories)

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14
Q

Wear-and-Tear Theory

A

cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out

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15
Q

Free-Radical Theory

A

Accumulated damage from oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to stop functioning

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16
Q

Rate-of-Living Theory

A

the greater an organism’s rate of metabolism, the shorter its life span

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17
Q

Autoimmune Theory

A

immune system becomes confused and attacks its own body cells

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18
Q

Cross-Linking Theory

A

+ occurs more often in cell proteins of older adults
+ undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins and fats which cannot assume the correct shape for proper function, leading to effects such as wrinkling of the skin and arterial rigidity

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19
Q

What is the crowning achievement in late adulthood for Erik Erikson?

A

For Erik Erikson, the crowning achievement of late adulthood is Ego Integrity or integrity of the self–need to evaluate and accept their lives so as to accept death

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20
Q

What is the crisis in old age (65-older)?

A

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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21
Q

What is the virtue that develops when someone is successful in ego integrity vs. despair?

A

Wisdom

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22
Q

Wisdom

A

+ informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself
+ Accepting one has lived, without major regrets

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23
Q

What are the maladaptive tendencies that may be experienced in late adulthood?

A
  1. Presumption
  2. Disdain
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24
Q

Presumption

A

presumes ego integrity without actually facing the difficulties of old age

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25
Q

Disdain

A

contempt of life, one’s own or anyone’s

26
Q

Reminiscence

A

thinking about the past – necessary part of achieving ego integrity and thus an important aspect of old age and preparation for death

27
Q

Life Review

A

evaluative process in which elders make judgments about their past behaviors

28
Q

Activity Theory

A

+ psychologically and physically healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in greatest possible number of roles
+ the more active older people are, the better they age

29
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

+ aging has three aspects: shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, acceptance of these changes
+ normal part of aging involves gradual reduction in social involvement and greater preoccupation with the self

30
Q

Continuity Theory

A

+ primary means by which elders adjust to aging is engaging in the same kinds of activities that interested and challenged them in their earlier years
+ people’s need to maintain connection between past and present is emphasized, and activity is viewed as important, not for its own sake but because it represents continuation of previous lifestyle

31
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation

A

+ involves developing abilities that allow for maximum gain as well as developing abilities that compensate for decline and could lead to loss
+ Older adults conserve resources by selecting meaningful goals, optimizing the resources they have to achieve it, and compensating for the losses by using resources in alternative ways to achieve their goals

32
Q

What factor declines in late adulthood?

A

Stability declines in late adulthood

33
Q

What personality traits increase in late adulthood?

A

Increases in agreeableness, self confidence, warmth, emotional stability, and conscientiousness

34
Q

What personality traits decrease in late adulthood?

A

declines in neuroticism, social vitality, and openness to experience

35
Q

Why do people show normative changes in personality characteristics?

A

Some researchers argue that these processes are driven primarily by intrinsic genetic differences between people that unfold over time

36
Q

What do personality traits influence?

A

Personality traits influence behavior

37
Q

What does behavior influence?

A

behavior influences health

38
Q

Between older adults and younger adults, who are happier and more satisfied with life?

A

In general, older adults have fewer mental disorders and are happier and more satisfied with life than younger adults

39
Q

As people get older, what do they tend to seek out?

A

As people get older, they tend to seek out activities and people that give them emotional gratification

40
Q

What are older adults better at compared to younger adults?

A

They are also better at regulating emotions

41
Q

Happiness in Adulthood

A

Happiness tends to be high in early adulthood, declines until people reach 50 years of age, and then tends to rise again until 85

42
Q

What does dendritic loss contribute to?

A

Dendritic loss at the neuronal level clearly contributes substantially to the general slowing of health, with arthritic changes in joints and loss of elasticity in the muscles

43
Q

Sleep Patterns in Old Age

A

+ There is a shift in sleep patterns in old age – they wake up more frequently in the night and decreased REM sleep
+ They are more likely to go to bed early and wake up early

44
Q

Hunger Patterns in Old Age

A

Older adults may feel hungry all the time and may overeat

45
Q

Why does loss of stamina appear in old age?

A

The loss of stamina clearly arises in large part from changes in the cardiovascular system

46
Q

Loss of Balance

A

Gradual loss of the sense of balance, which is at least partly attributable to the effects of aging on white matter in the parts of the brain that control balance and motor function

47
Q

What do older adults tend to have difficulty in?

A

Older adults also tend to have more difficulty with switching attention

48
Q

Sensory Memory

A

brief storage of sensory information

49
Q

Working Memory

A

short-term storage of information being actively process

50
Q

Tasks in Late Adulthood

A

+ Tasks that require only rehearsal, show a little decline
+ Tasks that requires reorganization or elaboration show greater falloff

51
Q

Episodic Memory

A

linked to specific events; most likely to deteriorate with age

52
Q

Semantic Memory

A

consists of meanings, facts, and concepts accumulated over lifetime learning; little decline

53
Q

Procedural Memory

A

motor skills and habits that once learned; relatively unaffected by age

54
Q

Language Problems in Late Adulthood

A

Language problems are probably results of the problems accessing and retrieving information from the memory

55
Q

What can dysfunction in frontal lobes and hippocampus cause?

A

Dysfunction in frontal lobes and hippocampus may cause false memories

56
Q

What do older adults have difficulty in when it comes to memories?

A

Older adults seems to have difficulty encoding new episodic memories because of difficulties in forming and later recalling a coherent and cohesive episode

57
Q

What deteriorates in memories in late adulthood?

A

Storage also deteriorate to the point retrieval becomes difficult

58
Q

Retirement

A

Retirement is a single event but a dynamic adjustment process that is best conceptualized as a form of decision making

59
Q

What are the five broad categories of resources that help determine how well a person adjusts to retirement?

A
  1. Individual attributes such as health and financial status
  2. Pre-retirement job-related variables such as job stress
  3. Family-related variables such as marriage quality and dependents
  4. Retirement transition-related variables
  5. Postretirement activities
60
Q

Volunteering

A

Volunteering during retirement has been positively associated with good health and negatively associated with depression, functional limitations, and mortality

61
Q

Aging In Place

A

staying in their own home

62
Q

Group living arrangements for Older Adults

A
  1. Retirement Hotel
  2. Retirement Community
  3. Shared Housing
  4. ECHO (Elder Cottage Housing Opportunity) Housing
  5. Congregate Housing
  6. Assisted-Living Facility
  7. Foster-Care Home
  8. Continuing Care Retirement Community

TOS DevPsych (35 decks)

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