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TOS DevPsych > Module 22: Critical Issues Concerning Death and Bereavement > Flashcards

Module 22: Critical Issues Concerning Death and Bereavement Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Death

A

few minutes after the heart stopped pumping

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2
Q

Brain Death

A

a person no longer has reflexes or any response to vigorous external stimuli and no electrical activity in the brain

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3
Q

Social Death

A

when other people treat a deceased person like a corpse

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4
Q

Hospice Care

A

personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill

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5
Q

Palliative Care

A

includes relief of pain and suffering, controlling of symptoms, alleviation of stress, and attempts to maintain a satisfactory quality of life

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6
Q

Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline

A

specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death

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7
Q

Near-Death Experience

A

often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters

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8
Q

What is near-death experience linked to?

A

Linked to stimulation or damage of various brain areas, most notably in bilateral frontal and occipital areas

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9
Q

Why is near-death experience generally experienced as positive?

A

Generally experienced as positive as a result of the release of endorphins

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10
Q

Grief

A

emotional response that generally follows closely on the heels of death

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11
Q

Bereavement

A

response to the loss of some whom a person feels close

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12
Q

Grief Work

A

working out of psychological issues connected with grief

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13
Q

Grief Work Path

A
  1. Shock and Disbelief
  2. Preoccupation with the memory of the dead person
  3. Resolution
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14
Q

Recovery Pattern

A

mourner goes high to low distress

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15
Q

Delayed Grief

A

moderate or elevated initial grief, and symptoms worsen over time

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16
Q

Chronic Grief

A

distressed for a long time

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17
Q

Dual-Process Model (Stroebe & Schut, 1999)

A
  1. Confrontation
  2. Restoration
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18
Q

Confrontation

A

confront their loss and actively grieve

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19
Q

Restoration

A

focus on moving forward

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20
Q

Multiple Variations (Bonano et al., 2011)

A
  1. Recovery
  2. Delayed
  3. Chronic
  4. Resilience
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21
Q

Recovery

A

high to low distress

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22
Q

Delayed

A

worsen over time

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23
Q

Chronic

A

remains distress for a long time

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24
Q

Resilience

A

+ low and gradually diminishing
+ the mourner shows a low and gradually diminishing level of grief in response to the death of a loved one

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25
Q

At what age do children understand death?

A

+ By age 4, children build a partial understanding of the biological nature of death
+ By the time the school starts (beginning of concrete operations), most children seem to understand both permanence and the universality of death

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26
Q

What do pre-school aged children believe about death?

A

Pre-school aged children believe that death can be reversed by praying, magic, or wishful thinking

27
Q

How does having a direct experience with the death of a family member affect young children?

A

Young children who have had direct experience with the death of a family member are more likely to understand the permanence of death than those who had no such personal experience

28
Q

What do teenagers who attempt suicide believe in?

A

Teenagers who attempt suicide believe that death is a pleasurable experience for most people who die

29
Q

What do most adults think about death?

A

For adults, they think of it as painful and unpleasant

30
Q

Unique Invulnerability

A

belief that bad things happen to others but not to themselves

31
Q

When does adjusting to loss become the most difficult?

A

Adjusting to loss is more difficult if a child had a troubled relationship with the person who died

32
Q

What do children who do not understand death understand?

A

Children do not understand death, but they understand loss

33
Q

Where do teenagers usually turn to for support?

A

Often, teens turn to peers for support

34
Q

How does death affect young adults?

A

Young adults will find their entire world collapsing at once when they knew they are dying instead of dealing with other issues

35
Q

How does death affect middle-aged and older adults?

A

Middle-Aged and Older adults are more prepared with death

36
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

human’s unique understanding of death, in concern with self-preservation needs and capacity for fear, results in common emotional and psychological responses when mortality, or thoughts of death are made salient

37
Q

What is one common response to thoughts of death?

A

One common response to thoughts of death is to become more committed to a cultural worldview (religion)

38
Q

How can high self-esteem affect death?

A

High self-esteem should buffer people against anxiety and fear over death

39
Q

What is a common response to threat?

A

Seeking comfort from loved ones is a common response in human undergoing threat and is a regulatory strategy to reduce anxiety

40
Q

Brain Death

A

+ Neurological condition which states the person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time
+ Higher portions of the brains dies sooner than lower parts which facilitates breathing and heartbeat
+ That is why your brain could be dead but you still have heartbeat for the mean time

41
Q

Suicide

A

growing number of people consider a mature adult’s deliberate choice of a time to end his or her life a rational decision and a right to be defended

42
Q

Euthanasia

A

good death, intended to end suffering or to allow terminally ill person to die with dignity

43
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

involves withholding or discontinuing treatment that might extend the life of a terminally ill patient such as life support

44
Q

Active Euthanasia

A

“mercy killing” involves action taken directly or deliberate to shorten life

45
Q

Advance Directive

A

+ Contains instructions for when and how to discontinue futile medical care
+ Living will or a more formal legal document called a durable power of attorney

46
Q

Durable Power of Attorney

A

appoints another person if the maker of the document becomes incompetent to do so

47
Q

Assisted Suicide

A

physician or someone else helps a person bring about a self-inflicted death

48
Q

Life Review

A

a process of reminisce that enables a person to see the significance of his or her life

49
Q

Denial (Positive Avoidance)

A

person rejects evidence about diagnosis

50
Q

Fighting Spirit

A

person maintains an optimistic attitude and searches for more information about the diseases

51
Q

Stoic Acceptance

A

person acknowledges the diagnosis but makes no effort to seek any further information, or person ignores the diagnosis and carries on normal life as much as possible

52
Q

Helplessness/Hopelessness

A

sees herself as dying or gravely ill and as devoid of hope

53
Q

Anxious Preoccupation

A

responded to the diagnosis strongly and with persistent anxiety; they interpret the information pessimistically

54
Q

Bowlby’s Stages of Grief (with Sanders)

A
  1. Numbness (Shock)
  2. Yearning (Awareness)
  3. Disorganization and Despair (Conservation/Withdrawal)
  4. Reorganization (Healing and Renewal)
55
Q

Numbness (Shock)

A

mourner experiences disbelief, confusion, restlessness, feelings of unreality, a sense of helplessness

56
Q

Yearning (Awareness)

A

bereaved person tries to recover the lost person, may actively search or wander as if searching, may report that he sees the dead person, mourner feels full of anger, anxiety, guilt, fear, frustration, may sleep poorly and weep often

57
Q

Disorganization and Despair (Conservation/Withdrawal)

A

acceptance of loss brings depression and despair or a sense of helplessness, accompanied by great fatigue and a desire to sleep all the time

58
Q

Reorganization (Healing and Renewal)

A

individual takes control again, some forgetting occurs, and some sense of hope emerges

59
Q

Four Distinct Patterns of Grieving

A
  1. Normal
  2. Chronic
  3. Delayed
  4. Absent
60
Q

Normal Grieving

A

feels great distress immediately following
the loss, with rapid recovery

61
Q

Chronic Grieving

A

distress continues at a high level over several years

62
Q

Delayed Grieving

A

feels little distress in the first few months, but high levels of distress some months or years later

63
Q

Absent Grieving

A

person feels no notable level of distress either immediately or any later time

TOS DevPsych (35 decks)

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