Module 12: Learning Theories Flashcards
Behaviorism
+ observed behavior as a predictable response to experience
+ reacting to conditions or aspects of their environment that find pleasing, painful, or threatening
Who developed Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
response to a stimulus is evoked after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits response
What is a crucial experiment in classical conditioning?
Watson’s “Little Albert Experiment”
Who developed the Operant Conditioning?
Skinner
Operant Conditioning
consequences of “operating” on the environment; reinforcements and punishments
Concepts of Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Extinguished
Reinforcement
increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Punishment
decreasing the likelihood of repetition
When is reinforcement most effective?
reinforcement is most effective when it immediately follows a behavior
Extinguished
behavior returns to its original level when a response is no longer reinforced
Who developed the Social Learning Theory?
Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism
Social Learning Theory
behaviorist sees the environment as the chief impetus for development and Bandura suggested that the impetus for development is bidirectional
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
stimulus > response
Social Cognitive Theory
stimulus > response > stimulus
Observational Learning
people learn appropriate social behavior chiefly by observing and imitating models – that is, by watching other people (usually whose behavior is perceived as valued in their culture)
Social Cognitive Theory
cognitive processes are at work as people observe models, learn chunks of behavior, and mentally put the chunks together into complex new behavior patterns
Self-Efficacy
Social Learning Theory
confidence in one’s ability
Sources of Self-Efficacy
- Mastery of Tasks
- Social Modeling
- Social Persuasion
- Physical and Emotional States
Who developed the Experiential Learning Theory?
Kolb
Experiential Learning Theory
+ “learning by doing”
+ Focuses on the best way to learn things is by actually having experiences
+ Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience
Concrete Experience
Experiential Learning Theory
+ new experience or situation, or a reinterpretation of existing experience in the light of new concepts
+ emphasizes personal involvement with people in everyday situations
+ learner has a new experience and interpret a previous experience in a new way
e.g. “i am a girl but i think i like girls too…”
Reflective Observation
Experiential Learning Theory
+ reflects on the new experience in the light of their existing knowledge of particular importance are any inconsistencies between experience and understanding
+ people understand ideas and situations from different points of view
+ rely on patience, objectivity, and careful judgment but would not necessarily take any action
+ reflects on the new experience
e.g. “the thing is, guys don’t make my heart flutter. but, ugh,
girls… they are so amazing…”
Abstract Conceptualization
Experiential Learning Theory
+ reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept (the person has learned from their experience)
+ using theories, logic and ideas, rather than feelings, to understand problems or situations
+ adapts their thinking or constructs new ideas based on experience and reflection
e.g. “the internet says i am homosexual because i like
someone with the same gender as i am. i am a lesbian,
i am a girl who is attracted to a fellow girl.”
Active Experimentation
+ newly created or modified concepts give rise to experimentation; applying their ideas to the world around them
+ learner would take a practical approach and be concerned with what really works, as opposed to simply watch the situation
+ applies new ideas to real world
e.g. “i tried to kissed a girl and i never felt this feeling
before. i’d love to do that again with her.”
4 Basic Learning Styles
- Diverging
- Assimilation
- Converging
- Accommodating
Diverging
Experiential Learning Theory
+ Concrete experience and Reflective observation
+ tend to perform better in situations that call for generation of ideas
+ prefer groups, listening with an open mind and receiving personalized feedback
e.g. “i like girls more than boys. they are so gorgeous and
amazing. am i feeling right?”
Assimilation
+ Abstract Conceptualization and Reflective Observation
+ best at understanding wide range of information and putting it into concise, logical form
+ interested in ideas and abstract concepts
+ prefer reading, lectures, and exploring analytical models
e.g. “so technically, i am an homosexual being. i like girls,
so i am lesbian. i don’t feel like a girl so i am
trangender, then?”
Converging
+ Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation
+ best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories
+ prefer to deal with technical tasks and problems rather than with social issues
+ prefer to experiment with new ideas, simulations, and lab experiments
e.g. “if i kiss this girl, would i like it? if i sleep with her,
would it be different unlike sleeping with a guy?”
Accommodating
+ Active Experimentation and Concrete Experience
+ enjoy carrying out plans and involving themselves in new and challenging experiences
+ prefers to do field work, and test out different approaches to completing a project
e.g. “i came out to my parents today and introduced my
girlfriend. i slept with her for the first on my birthday.
it was amazing. but i wonder what would it feel like to
sleep with a guy?”
