Module #1_Tissues, Connective Tissue, Fascia Flashcards
It is made up of extracellular matrix (material between the cells) and cells: most have a good blood supply/ nerve supply Functions: protection, support/ definition, binding, transportation, energy, immunity
Connective tissue
CT - Contains protein fibres and ground substance
ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM)
Types of protein fibres found in extracellular matrix (ECM)
(3 - CER) Collagen - white very strong, resists pulling (tensile) forces Fibre arrangement is determined by the forces acting on the fibres Does not stretch well/ good at resisting Elastin - yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy Like rubber band (stretch & recoil) Reticular - thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks Mesh-like structure/ filtres substances
Substance may be fluid (egg white consistency), gel-like or calcified (solid); supports the cells and through it, substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells
Ground substance eg. blood - fluid/ bone - calcified/ gel-like - cartilage
Name the connective tissue cells (5)
Blasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
Builder/ making cells; each major type of CT contain cells with the name ending in ______
–blast
These type of ‘-blasts’ Are everywhere; found in loose and dense CT Produce the various protein fibres and the ground substance
Fibroblasts
Type of ‘-blasts’ found in bone
Osteoblasts
Type of ‘-blasts’ found in cartilage
Chondroblasts
A group of similar cells that function together to perform a specialized activities are know as?
Tissues
There are 4 type of tissues. Name them.
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
What type of tissue functions as a selective barriers, secretory surfaces, protective surfaces?
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is located where? (6 answers)
Skin Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Urinary tract Lining of the blood vessels and the heart Glands
This type of tissue: covers body surfaces Lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts Forms glands Composed of cells arranged in continuous sheets (simple or multiple layers) to cover all free surfaces Also is avascular and has a nerve supply
Epithelial Tissue
Name the epithelial tissue layers (3)
Free (aka apical) surface lateral surfaces basal surfaces
Describe the basement membrane
A thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying tissue Supports the epithelium Provides a surface for the cell migration during growth or wound healing
The 2 classifications of the epithelial tissue are?
Layering Cell shape
Arrangement layers of the epithelial tissue (3)
Simple, pseudostratified, stratified
Layering arrangement - one layer, good for the passage of substances
Simple
Layering arrangement - a single layer but not all cells reach the free surface, some will have cilia, some will secrete mucous (goblet cells)
Pseudostratified
Layering arrangement - more than one layer, good for protection
Stratified
Cell shape of the epithelial tissue (3)
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Cell shape - flat and thin, rapid movement of substances (simple), protection (stratified) eg. fish scales
Squamous
Cell shape - cube (or hexagon) shaped, free surface may have microvilli, good for either secretion or absorption
Cuboidal
Cell shape - taller than wide, free surface may have cilia or microvilli, good for either secretion or absorbtion
Columnar
2 kinds of the Glandular epithilium
Exocrine, endocrine
One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
Gland (Glandular epithelium)
Type of gland - secrete their products into ducts (tubes) that empty onto the epithelial surface eg. sweat, salivary/ oil glands
Exocrine glands
Type of gland - secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without following through a duct eg. pituitary/thyroid/ adrenal glands
Endocrine glands
What are the types of connective tissue (CT) (5)
Loose, dense, bone, cartilage, liquid
Type of CT - more cells and fewer fibers, fibers are loosely intertwined
Loose connective tissue
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
Loose CT - Most widely distributed the in the body (universal packing tissues and glue) Located - in and around nearly every body structure (beneath the skin around blood vessels, nerves, and the body organs) Function - strength, elasticity, support
Areolar
Loose CT - areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes Located - beneath the skin, and around some organs (kidneys, heart, behind eyeball) Function - thermoregulation, energy, support and protection
Adipose (areolar + fat = adipose)
Loose CT - Found in organs that filter Location - liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles Function - forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes
Reticular
Type of CT - more fibres (mostly collagen), fewer cells
Dense
Types of dense CT (3)
Regular, irregular, elastic
This type of dense CT - collagen is arranged in parallel patterns Locations: tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone) Function: very strong but somewhat pliable structural
Regular (when fibres are evenly arranged) eg. tendons, ligaments
This type of dense CT - collagen is arranged in random/ irregular patterns Locations: fascia, structure, support (like saran wrap) Function: tensile (pulling) strength in many directions
Irregular (when fibres are arranged in an irregular way)
This type of dense CT - high elastic content Locations: lung tissue, arteries, ligaments (yellow) between the vertebrae Function: stretch and recoil
Elastic
Type of CT - fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres; the matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make it very hard Function: protection and support, movement
Bone
Type of CT - strong and resilient; cells are called chondrocytes Ground substances has a large amounts of collagen, also contains elastin fibres; no blood supply, no nerve supply
Cartilage
Types of cartilage CT (3)
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
Type of cartilage CT - most common cartilage in the body, blue-white appearance Locations: ends of bones, part of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton Function: flexibility, support, friction reduction, shock absorption
Hyaline cartilage
Type of cartilage CT - Locations: between vertabrae (intervertebral discs), pubis symphysis, menisci Function: support
Fibrocartilage
Type of cartilage CT - has elastin fibres Locations: epiglottis, part of the external ear Function: support and flexibility while maintaining shape
Elastic cartilage
Type of CT - blood and lymph
Liquid
Type of liquid CT - cells surrounded by a fluid ECM called plasma Functions: transport system
Blood (cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
Type of liquid CT - a plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels Functions: in immunity, transportation, fluid regulation
Lymph
CT Table Loose / Dense / Bone / Cartilage / Liquid Aerolar / Regular / x / Hyaline / Blood Adipos (fat)/ Irregular/ x /Fibrocartilage/ Lymph Recticular/ Ilastic / x /Elastic /
X
Type of CT - specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force
Muscle tissue
Types of Muscle tissue (3)
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Type of muscle tissue CT - aka striated muscle compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton Cell structure: cells are long cylindrical and can be quite long Function: movement and heat production (waste product is heat - more efficient at generating heat conscious/ voluntary control
skeletal
Type of muscle tissue CT - found in the walls of hollow tubes (eg. lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines, etc.) Cell structure: spindle shaped Function: constriction of tubes, movement of substances through the tubes
smooth
Type of muscle tissue CT - found only in the heart, involuntary control Cell structure: branched striated fibres that fit tightly together Function: blood flow/ propulsion
cardiac
Muscle tissue table Muscle tissue | Striated | Cell Shape | Control Skeletal | Y | Cylindrical | ConsciousVoluntary Smooth | N |Spindle/Tapered@ends| Involuntary Cardiac | Y |Cylindrical | Involuntary
X
Type of CT - designed for communication
Nervous tissue
Types of nervous tissue (2)
Neuroglia Neurons
Type of neuron tissue CT - they support, nourish, and protect the nervous system
Neuroglia
Type of neuron tissue CT - nerve cell comprised of 3 parts (dendrite, cell body, axon)
neurons (= nerve cells)
Part of nerve cell with multiple or single extensions off the cell body; it is the input portion of the neuron
dendrite (input)
Part of nerve cell - a cylindrical process off the cell body; connects to other dendrites or muscle cells; it is the output portion of the neuron
axon (output)
Part of the nerve cell that manages everything; contains the nucleus and the other organelles; responsible for cell processes (eg protein synthesis)
cell body (aka soma (= body)
Type of tissue - Review They are cells in an extracellular matrix It’s the types of cells and what they produce (ie. what makes up the matrix) that determines the different characteristics of it Fibroblast cells make collagen, elastin, reticular fibres Types: loose, dense, cartilage, blood
Connective tissue
CT cell that eats bacteria and cellular debris
Macrophages (like pac-man)
CT cell - part of the immune response (secretes antibodies)
Plasma cells
CT cell - makes histamine (part of the inflammatory response)
Mast cells
CT cell - cells that store fat
Adipocytes
There are 3 types of cell junctions. Name them
Tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions
This type of junction prevents the passage of substances between cells
Tight junctions (bladder & sphincter)
This type of junction anchors cells to one another
Anchoring junctions (keep connection with each other)
This type of junction provides channels to allow substances to pass between cells
Gap junctions
It is NOT synonymous with CT; all _____ is connective tissue but not all connective tissue is _______.
Function: support & deifinition, compartmentalization, force transmission, connection
Fascia
The connective tissue that is often referred to as adipose; it’s beneath the skin (subcutaneous layer of fat)
Superficial fascia
The connective tissues that suspends the organs (viscera) within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissues membranes
Subserous fascia (aka viseral)
The dense irregular connective tissue that give form and support for underlying organs - can have (loose) areolar connective tisseu continuous with it
Deep fascia
Fascia in constant state of change and adaptation
Fascia can become more fluid-like or more gel-like (depending on stimulus); its adaptability allows it to respond appropriately to wound healing and new growth.
What are the mechanisms by which fascia adapts?
Thixotropy, bonding
Fascia adaptation mechanism -
Property of gels/ fluids becoming fluid when stirred or shaken and more solid when at rest.
As therapists we need to recognize that preparing fascia prior to treatment makes our treatment more effective. (eg,. before doing fascia work stretch it)
Thixotropy (Thixo = Touch)
The Good - If fascia is in a more appropriate less-viscous state and/or with movement => it is more adaptable/ durable => it is healthier
The Bad - as a result of less activity => bad postures will encourage a more gel-like state => fascia gradually loses its pliability => tissue is not as healthy.
Bond between molecules are what help make collagen fibre; fibres will bond together to give the tissue structure
Bonding
The Good - connections are beneficial => necessary for wound healing, tissue strength/ tissue adaptation
The Bad - overtime collagen fibres will pack more tightly and form more bonds => areas thicken, stiffen, lose mobility => limits function (happens in areas of high stress and compression/ areas of disuse)
Fascia - Clinic implications
1) What are the implications of Immobilization?
2) What are the implications of Innactivity ?
3) What are the Age implications?
4) What are the implications of Medications?
1) Fascia tissue is fragile/ weathered; adhesions form decreasing function; increased adhesions = decreased function
2) weakend tissue
3) Tissue weakens
4) Can lead to local and/or systemically weakened tissue
