Miscellaneous

Question 1

Describe the 3 degrees of AV block

Answer 1

1st - prolonged PR interval
2nd - blocked p-wave conduction resulting in no QRS complex
Mobitz type I and II
3rd - Dissociation of P and QRS complex

Question 2

Cause of AV block and which drugs

Answer 2

Increased parasympathetic tone can produce marked slowing of AV node conduction – causing 1, 2, 3, AV block
Opioids and ace can increase parasympathetic tone

Question 3

Sinus arrest or block

Answer 3

usually vagally mediated and safe to anesthetize

Question 4

Complete resolution of bradycardia with atropine or glycol indicates that _____

Answer 4

bradycardia is due to high resting vagal tone and can be treated with meds

Question 5

Which law/principle is related to tension, radius, and thickness - Starling’s, Poiseuille’s, Laplace’s, or Bernoulli’s

Answer 5

Laplace’s law - The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure

Question 6

Bernoulli’s principle

Answer 6

fluid dynamics that relates to pressure, speed, and height

Question 7

Poiseuille’s law

Answer 7

Laminar flow through a drain; radius of the tube, flow of fluid through the drain lumen, pressure difference between the two ends of the drain, viscosity of the liquid, drain length

Question 8

Starling law

Answer 8

Effects of differences in hydrostatic and oncotic pressure on net filtration

Question 9

Diltiazem metabolism

Answer 9

Metabolized by acetylation which is deficient in the dog but not in the cat

Question 10

Class of drug - diltiazem

Answer 10

Class IV antiarrhythmic aka calcium channel blocker

Question 11

Diltiazem MOA

Answer 11

Works on the SA and AV nodes (tissues in which slow Calcium influx is largely responsible for phase 0 depolarization)
Slows sinus rate and AV conduction

Question 12

Conditions treated with diltiazem and which are unresponsive

Answer 12

Ventricular rate is reduced in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter
Primary ventricular arrhythmias are unresponsive to diltiazem

Question 13

Pimobendan class of drug

Answer 13

Positive inotrope (inodilator – vasodilates arterial and venous vessels)

Question 14

Pimobendan MOA

Answer 14

Acts like calcium sensitizer
Enhances calcium-troponin C interaction
Prolongs the action potential duration by enhancing calcium current

Question 15

Furosemide class of drug

Answer 15

Loop diuretic – acts on loop of Henle

Question 16

Furosemide MOA

Answer 16

Increases excretion of Na and Cl- in urine
Mechanism of action is proximal to the site of Na/K exchange so K excretion is increased and Na reabsorbed
Also increases excretion of calcium and magnesium but no calcium reabsorption

Question 17

Enalapril and benazepril class of drugs

Answer 17

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
Prodrugs - not the active metabolite

Question 18

ACE inhibitors MOA and effects

Answer 18

Prevents conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Also inhibits bradykinin inactivation

Vasodilation (reduces preload and arterial afterload), decreased systemic blood pressure, increased cardiac output, and reduced heart rate.
Aldosterone secretion reduces and causes natriuresis (sodium excretion in urine)

Question 19

Number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular time point or over a specific period of time.

Answer 19

Prevalence

Question 20

The rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population over a particular period of time.

Answer 20

Incidence