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Phase 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 different patterns of central tarsal bone fracture

A

Type 1: Nondisplaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 2: Displaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 3: Large displaced medial fragment
Type 4: Medial slab fracture with a dorsal slab fracture
Type 5: Comminuted fracture

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2
Q

Which is the most common type of central tarsal bone fracture and in which breed

A

75% are type IV or V in racing greyhounds - usually the right

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What are the five different patterns of central tarsal bone fracture

A

Type 1: Nondisplaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 2: Displaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 3: Large displaced medial fragment
Type 4: Medial slab fracture with a dorsal slab fracture
Type 5: Comminuted fracture

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5
Q

Which is the most common type of central tarsal bone fracture and which breed

A

75% are type IV or V in racing greyhounds -usually the right

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6
Q

What is the ROM of the tarsocrural joint in the canine

A

39 degrees in flexion to 164 degrees in extension in the normal canine

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7
Q

What is the ROM of the tarsocrural joint in the cat

A

22-167 degrees in the cat

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8
Q

Where is the majority of the movement in the tarsus

A

90% of movement expressed only at the tarsocrural articulation

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9
Q

Describe the blood supply to the tarsus

A

Cranial tibial becomes dorsal pedal and forms dorsal metatarsal arteries - Supplies dorsal and lateral aspect of tarsus
Plantar branch of saphenous artery - Supplies medial and plantar aspect of tarsus

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10
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral and dorsal aspects of the tarsus

A

Cranial tibial becomes dorsal pedal and forms dorsal metatarsal arteries

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11
Q

What is the blood supply to the medial and plantar aspects of the tarsus

A

Plantar branch of saphenous artery

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12
Q

Innervation of the tarsus

A

Provided by two branches of sciatic nerve: tibial nerve and common peroneal
Tibial nerve divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves
Common peroneal/fibular divides into superficial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves

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13
Q

Which are the two largest bones in the tarsus

A

Calcaneus is the largest
Talus the second

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14
Q

What bones articulate with the calcaneus

A

Only tarsal bone IV

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15
Q

Tarsal ligament anatomy in extension

A

Medial collateral ligament divided into long and short part
Long part: Tight in extension
Short part: divided into tibiocentral and tibiotalar portion
Tibiocentral: Tight in extension
Tibiotalar: Loose in extension

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Contains mostly general visceral afferent axons 80% which are visceral sensory from the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera.

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18
Q

Anatomic differences in the carpus of a dog vs cat

A

Absence of straight medial collateral ligament of the carpus in cat. Canine has straight and oblique part. Antebrachiocarpal luxation in cat is less devastating injury because of this.
Cat claw is retractable due to dorsal elastic ligament and structure differences in middle and distal phalanx

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19
Q

Palmar carpal fibrocartilage

A

Palmar fibrocartilage attaches to all proximal carpal bones (except accessory), all numbered carpal bones, and metacarpals 3-5

20
Q

What does the intermedioradial carpal bone articulate with

A

proximally with the radius laterally with the ulnar carpal bone
distally with C1-C4 (4 carpal bones)

21
Q

What does the ulnar carpal bone articulate with

A

Proximally with radius and ulna
Distally C4 and MC5
Medially with intermedioradial carpal bone
Accessory carpal bone on the palmar side

22
Q

What do the C1-C4 articulate with

A

Articulate proximally with intermedioradial carpal bone
C4 also articulates with ulnar carpal bone

23
Q

Describe ulnar and radial growth from their individual physis

A

100% of ulnar growth distal to the elbow joint occurs at the level of the distal physis of the ulna
Radius: 30-50% growth from the proximal physis

24
Q

Weight distribution of the radius and ulna

A

50/50

25
Q

Femoral nerve actions

A

Mediates patellar reflex
Flex hip and extend the stifle
Innervates quads – rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis

26
Q

Where do the cranial nerves arise from

A

Brainstem

27
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate

A

Deltoid, teres major/minor

28
Q

Suprascapular N.

A

Supraspinatus + infraspinatus

29
Q

Musculocutaneous N.

A

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

30
Q

Which nerve innervates subscapularis m.

A

Subscapular N.

31
Q

Radial N.

A

Triceps, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis, tensor fascia antebrachii, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis

32
Q

Ulnar N.

A

Ulnar – flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar and humeral heads), ulnar head of deep digital flexor

33
Q

Median N.

A

Flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, superficial digital flexor, radial and humeral heads of deep digital flexor

34
Q

Actions of the supraspinatus muscle

A

Extends the shoulder joint and advances the limb

35
Q

What are the external rotators of the hip

A

Internal and external obturator, gemelli (all ischiatic nerve), quadratus femoris (obturator)

36
Q

Which muscles originate proximal to the shoulder and insert on the elbow

A

Biceps brachii (supraglenoid tubercle to ulnar tuberosity)
Triceps brachii long head (caudal scapula to olecranon tuberosity)

37
Q

Where do all the CN exit from

A

All cranial nerves arise from the brainstem except for the olfactory nerves.
Forebrain: CN 1-2
Midbrain: CN 3-4
Pons : CN 5
Medulla oblongata: CN 6-12

38
Q

What is the connection between the cerebrae called

A

corpus callosum

39
Q

What is the connection between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

A

The pons

40
Q

How does the facial nerve course

A

Facial nerve exits cranial vault through internal acoustic meatus with vestibular and cochlear nerves, runs through facial canal of petrous temporal bone and through middle ear, exits at stylomastoid foramen

41
Q

Facial nerve function in relation to the external ear canal

A

Motor to the external ear canal

42
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the external ear canal

A

Vagus (CN X)

43
Q

Spinoreticular tract or spinothalamic. Who knows

A

Visceral/deep pain

44
Q

Cranial nerve 1-2 exit points (foramen)

A

Olfactory (CN1) – cribiform plate
Optic (CN2) – optic canal

45
Q

Cranial nerve 3-6 exit points

A

Oculomotor (CN3), Trochlear (CN4), Trigeminal V1 (CN5 – eye region), Abducens (CN6) – orbital fissure
Trigeminal V2 (CN5 – upper jaw, teeth) – round foramen
Trigeminal V3 (CN5 – lower jaw, rostral tongue) – oval foramen

46
Q

Cranial nerve 7-8 exit points

A

Facial (CN7) – internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
Vestibulocochlear (CN 8) – internal acoustic meatus

47
Q

Cranial nerve 9-12 exit points

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN9), Vagus (CN10), Accessory (CN11) – jugular foramen/tympannooccipital fissure
Hypoglossal (CN12) – hypoglossal canal

Phase 1 (71 decks)

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