Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 5 different patterns of central tarsal bone fracture
Type 1: Nondisplaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 2: Displaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 3: Large displaced medial fragment
Type 4: Medial slab fracture with a dorsal slab fracture
Type 5: Comminuted fracture
Which is the most common type of central tarsal bone fracture and in which breed
75% are type IV or V in racing greyhounds - usually the right
What are the five different patterns of central tarsal bone fracture
Type 1: Nondisplaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 2: Displaced dorsal slab fracture
Type 3: Large displaced medial fragment
Type 4: Medial slab fracture with a dorsal slab fracture
Type 5: Comminuted fracture
Which is the most common type of central tarsal bone fracture and which breed
75% are type IV or V in racing greyhounds -usually the right
What is the ROM of the tarsocrural joint in the canine
39 degrees in flexion to 164 degrees in extension in the normal canine
What is the ROM of the tarsocrural joint in the cat
22-167 degrees in the cat
Where is the majority of the movement in the tarsus
90% of movement expressed only at the tarsocrural articulation
Describe the blood supply to the tarsus
Cranial tibial becomes dorsal pedal and forms dorsal metatarsal arteries - Supplies dorsal and lateral aspect of tarsus
Plantar branch of saphenous artery - Supplies medial and plantar aspect of tarsus
What is the blood supply to the lateral and dorsal aspects of the tarsus
Cranial tibial becomes dorsal pedal and forms dorsal metatarsal arteries
What is the blood supply to the medial and plantar aspects of the tarsus
Plantar branch of saphenous artery
Innervation of the tarsus
Provided by two branches of sciatic nerve: tibial nerve and common peroneal
Tibial nerve divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves
Common peroneal/fibular divides into superficial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves
Which are the two largest bones in the tarsus
Calcaneus is the largest
Talus the second
What bones articulate with the calcaneus
Only tarsal bone IV
Tarsal ligament anatomy in extension
Medial collateral ligament divided into long and short part
Long part: Tight in extension
Short part: divided into tibiocentral and tibiotalar portion
Tibiocentral: Tight in extension
Tibiotalar: Loose in extension
Vagus nerve
Contains mostly general visceral afferent axons 80% which are visceral sensory from the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera.
Anatomic differences in the carpus of a dog vs cat
Absence of straight medial collateral ligament of the carpus in cat. Canine has straight and oblique part. Antebrachiocarpal luxation in cat is less devastating injury because of this.
Cat claw is retractable due to dorsal elastic ligament and structure differences in middle and distal phalanx
Palmar carpal fibrocartilage
Palmar fibrocartilage attaches to all proximal carpal bones (except accessory), all numbered carpal bones, and metacarpals 3-5
What does the intermedioradial carpal bone articulate with
proximally with the radius laterally with the ulnar carpal bone
distally with C1-C4 (4 carpal bones)
What does the ulnar carpal bone articulate with
Proximally with radius and ulna
Distally C4 and MC5
Medially with intermedioradial carpal bone
Accessory carpal bone on the palmar side
What do the C1-C4 articulate with
Articulate proximally with intermedioradial carpal bone
C4 also articulates with ulnar carpal bone
Describe ulnar and radial growth from their individual physis
100% of ulnar growth distal to the elbow joint occurs at the level of the distal physis of the ulna
Radius: 30-50% growth from the proximal physis
Weight distribution of the radius and ulna
50/50
Femoral nerve actions
Mediates patellar reflex
Flex hip and extend the stifle
Innervates quads – rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis
Where do the cranial nerves arise from
Brainstem
What does the axillary nerve innervate
Deltoid, teres major/minor
Suprascapular N.
Supraspinatus + infraspinatus
Musculocutaneous N.
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis
Which nerve innervates subscapularis m.
Subscapular N.
Radial N.
Triceps, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis, tensor fascia antebrachii, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis
Ulnar N.
Ulnar – flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar and humeral heads), ulnar head of deep digital flexor
Median N.
Flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, superficial digital flexor, radial and humeral heads of deep digital flexor
Actions of the supraspinatus muscle
Extends the shoulder joint and advances the limb
What are the external rotators of the hip
Internal and external obturator, gemelli (all ischiatic nerve), quadratus femoris (obturator)
Which muscles originate proximal to the shoulder and insert on the elbow
Biceps brachii (supraglenoid tubercle to ulnar tuberosity)
Triceps brachii long head (caudal scapula to olecranon tuberosity)
Where do all the CN exit from
All cranial nerves arise from the brainstem except for the olfactory nerves.
Forebrain: CN 1-2
Midbrain: CN 3-4
Pons : CN 5
Medulla oblongata: CN 6-12
What is the connection between the cerebrae called
corpus callosum
What is the connection between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum
The pons
How does the facial nerve course
Facial nerve exits cranial vault through internal acoustic meatus with vestibular and cochlear nerves, runs through facial canal of petrous temporal bone and through middle ear, exits at stylomastoid foramen
Facial nerve function in relation to the external ear canal
Motor to the external ear canal
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the external ear canal
Vagus (CN X)
Spinoreticular tract or spinothalamic. Who knows
Visceral/deep pain
Cranial nerve 1-2 exit points (foramen)
Olfactory (CN1) – cribiform plate
Optic (CN2) – optic canal
Cranial nerve 3-6 exit points
Oculomotor (CN3), Trochlear (CN4), Trigeminal V1 (CN5 – eye region), Abducens (CN6) – orbital fissure
Trigeminal V2 (CN5 – upper jaw, teeth) – round foramen
Trigeminal V3 (CN5 – lower jaw, rostral tongue) – oval foramen
Cranial nerve 7-8 exit points
Facial (CN7) – internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
Vestibulocochlear (CN 8) – internal acoustic meatus
Cranial nerve 9-12 exit points
Glossopharyngeal (CN9), Vagus (CN10), Accessory (CN11) – jugular foramen/tympannooccipital fissure
Hypoglossal (CN12) – hypoglossal canal
