Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My Classes > microbiology ch 9 > Flashcards

microbiology ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are five examples of products made from biotechnology?

A

Foods, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology?

A

The insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This is the use of microorganisms/cells/cell components to make products such as foods, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes

A

Biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This is the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a vector in recombinant DNA terms?

A

Self-replicating DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a clone in recombinant DNA terms?

A

Population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each carrying the vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These are self-replicating DNA molecules used to transport foreign DNA into cells

A

Vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

These are populations of genetically identical cells arising from one cell that each carry a vector

A

Clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the selection method of biotechnology?

A

Selecting a naturally occurring microbe that produces a desired product (aka artificial selection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mutation method of biotechnology?

A

Using mutagens that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is site-directed mutagenesis?

A

Targeted and specific mutation of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In this biotechnology approach, naturally occurring microbes that have desirable traits are selected

A

Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In this biotechnology approach, mutagens are used to result in microbes with desirable trait

A

Mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In this mutation biotechnology approach, specific changes in genes are targeted

A

Site-directed mutagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut specific sequences of DNA and destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do methylated cytosines in bacteria do?

A

Protect their own DNA from digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two ways can restriction enzymes cut DNA?

A

Blunt or sticky ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

These cut specific sequences of DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells

A

Restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

These protect bacterial DNA from digestion

A

Methylated cytosines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

These cut DNA in blunt or sticky ends

A

Restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

These carry new DNA to desired cells

A

Vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Must vectors be able to self-replicate?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are two things that can be used as vectors?
Plasmids and viruses
26
What can shuttle vectors do?
Move cloned sequences among various organisms
27
These carry new DNA to desired cells and must be able to self-replicate
Vectors
28
Plasmids and viruses can both be used as these
Vectors
29
These can exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms
Shuttle vectors
30
What is the polymerase chain reaction?
Process of increasing small quantities of DNA (amplifying) for analysis
31
What are two uses for the polymerase chain reaction?
Diagnosing genetic diseases and detecting pathogens
32
What does reverse-transcription PCR use as a template?
mRNA
33
This is the process of increasing small quantities of DNA for analysis and is used for genetic disease testing and pathogen detection
Polymerase chain reaction
34
This form of polymerase chain reaction uses mRNA as a template
Reverse-transcription PCR
35
What happens in the transformation method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?
Cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment
36
What happens in the electroporation method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?
An electrical current forms pores in cell membranes
37
What happens in the protoplast fusion method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?
Removing cell walls from two bacteria allows them to fuse
38
What determines which method to use in inserting foreign DNA into cells?
The vector used
39
In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment
Transformation
40
In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, an electrical current forms pores in cell membranes
Electroporation
41
In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, cell walls are removed from two bacteria, allowing them to fuse
Protoplast fusion
42
What are two methods of physically inserting foreign DNA into cells using microscopic equipment?
Gene gun and microinjection
43
Gene guns and microinjection are two methods of doing this
Insert foreign DNA into cells
44
What is a genomics library?
Collection of clones containing different DNA fragments
45
In genomics libraries, how many clones exist for every gene in the organism?
At least 1
46
These are collections of clones containing different DNA fragments
Genomics libraries
47
In these, an organism's DNA is digested and spliced into a plasmid or phage vectors and introduced into bacteria for storage
Genomics libraries
48
At least one of these exists for every gene in the a genomics library
Clone
49
What are two advantages to using E. coli to make gene products?
It is easily grown and its genomics are known
50
What are two disadvantages to using E. coli to make gene products?
It produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products
51
This bacteria is easily grown and its genomics are known, but it produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products
E. coli
52
What are three advantages of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to make gene products?
It is easily grown, has a larger genome than bacteria, and expresses eukaryotic genes easily
53
What are four advantages of using plant cells/whole plants to make gene products?
Plants express eukaryotic genes easily, are easily grown, can be grown on a large scale, and are low-cost
54
What are two advantages of using mammalian cells to make gene products?
Mammalian cells express eukaryotic genes easily and can make products for medical use
55
What is one disadvantage of using mammalian cells to make gene products?
Mammalian cells are harder to grow
56
What are subunit vaccines made from?
Pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts
57
What are DNA vaccines made from?
Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for a pathogen's antigens
58
What is gene therapy used for?
To replace defective or missing genes
59
What can gene editing with CRISPR do?
Correct genetic mutations at specific locations
60
These are made from pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts
Subunit vaccines
61
These are made from nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for a pathogen's antigens
DNA vaccines
62
This can be used to replace defective or missing genes
Gene therapy
63
This is a form of gene editing that can be used to correct genetic mutations at specific locations
CRISPR
64
What is the process of gene silencing?
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)
65
What is the process of RNA interference (RNAi)?
DNA encoding siRNA is inserted into a plasmid and transferred into a cell
66
In this form of gene therapy, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)
Gene silencing
67
In this form of gene therapy, DNA encoding siRNA is inserted into a plasmid and transferred into a cell
RNA interference (RNAi)
68
What is metagenomics?
The study of genetic material directly from environmental samples
69
What has the Human Genome Project done?
Sequenced the entire human genome
70
What will the Human Proteome Project do?
Map proteins expressed in human cells
71
This is the study of genetic material directly from environmental samples
Metagenomics
72
This project sequenced the entire human genome
Human Genome Project
73
This project will map proteins expressed in human cells
Human Proteome Project
74
What is bioinformatics?
Understanding gene function via computer-assisted analysis
75
What is proteomics?
Determining proteins expressed in a cell
76
This is the understanding of gene function via computer-assisted analysis
Bioinformatics
77
This is determining of the proteins expressed in a cell
Proteomics
78
This method is used in forensic microbiology to identify pathogens
DNA fingerprinting
79
What can PCR microarrays and DNA chips do in forensic microbiology?
Screen samples for multiple pathogens
80
What are three ways forensic microbiology differs from medicine?
Requires suppression of genes, the proper collection of evidence, and establishing a chain of custody
81
What is DNA fingerprinting used for in forensic microbiology?
Pathogen identification
82
These can both be used in forensic microbiology to screen samples for multiple pathogens
PCR microarrays and DNA chips
83
This differs from medicine as it requires gene suppression, proper evidence collection, and a chain of custody
Forensic microbiology
84
What is nanotechnology?
Making molecular/atomic-sized products
85
What kind of devices are usually used in nanotechnology?
Small mechanical devices
86
These organisms can be used to make molecule-sized particles in nanotechnology
Bacteria
87
What are nanospheres used for?
Drug targeting and delivery
88
What can Acebacter xylinum be used for in nanotechnology?
Building cellulose nanofibers for artificial blood vessels
89
This field makes molecular/atomic-sized products, typically small mechanical devices
Nanotechnology
90
What can bacteria be used for in nanotechnology?
Making molecule-sized products
91
These are a nanotechnology used in drug targeting and delivery
Nanospheres
92
These bacteria are used to build cellulose nanofibers for artificial blood vessels
Acebacter xylinum
93
What happens when mRNA and antisense RNA hybridize?
Protein synthesis is inhibited
94
What is antisense DNA?
DNA that is complementary to the DNA encoding a protein

My Classes (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions