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microbiology ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product

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2
Q

What are five examples of products made from biotechnology?

A

Foods, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes

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3
Q

What is recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology?

A

The insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

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4
Q

This is the use of microorganisms/cells/cell components to make products such as foods, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes

A

Biotechnology

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5
Q

This is the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

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6
Q

What is a vector in recombinant DNA terms?

A

Self-replicating DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell

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7
Q

What is a clone in recombinant DNA terms?

A

Population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each carrying the vector

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8
Q

These are self-replicating DNA molecules used to transport foreign DNA into cells

A

Vectors

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9
Q

These are populations of genetically identical cells arising from one cell that each carry a vector

A

Clones

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10
Q

What is the selection method of biotechnology?

A

Selecting a naturally occurring microbe that produces a desired product (aka artificial selection)

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11
Q

What is the mutation method of biotechnology?

A

Using mutagens that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait

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12
Q

What is site-directed mutagenesis?

A

Targeted and specific mutation of a gene

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13
Q

In this biotechnology approach, naturally occurring microbes that have desirable traits are selected

A

Selection

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14
Q

In this biotechnology approach, mutagens are used to result in microbes with desirable trait

A

Mutation

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15
Q

In this mutation biotechnology approach, specific changes in genes are targeted

A

Site-directed mutagenesis

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16
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut specific sequences of DNA and destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells

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17
Q

What do methylated cytosines in bacteria do?

A

Protect their own DNA from digestion

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18
Q

What two ways can restriction enzymes cut DNA?

A

Blunt or sticky ends

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19
Q

These cut specific sequences of DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

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20
Q

These destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells

A

Restriction enzymes

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21
Q

These protect bacterial DNA from digestion

A

Methylated cytosines

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22
Q

These cut DNA in blunt or sticky ends

A

Restriction enzymes

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23
Q

These carry new DNA to desired cells

A

Vectors

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24
Q

Must vectors be able to self-replicate?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are two things that can be used as vectors?

A

Plasmids and viruses

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26
Q

What can shuttle vectors do?

A

Move cloned sequences among various organisms

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27
Q

These carry new DNA to desired cells and must be able to self-replicate

A

Vectors

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28
Q

Plasmids and viruses can both be used as these

A

Vectors

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29
Q

These can exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms

A

Shuttle vectors

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30
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction?

A

Process of increasing small quantities of DNA (amplifying) for analysis

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31
Q

What are two uses for the polymerase chain reaction?

A

Diagnosing genetic diseases and detecting pathogens

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32
Q

What does reverse-transcription PCR use as a template?

A

mRNA

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33
Q

This is the process of increasing small quantities of DNA for analysis and is used for genetic disease testing and pathogen detection

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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34
Q

This form of polymerase chain reaction uses mRNA as a template

A

Reverse-transcription PCR

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35
Q

What happens in the transformation method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?

A

Cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment

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36
Q

What happens in the electroporation method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?

A

An electrical current forms pores in cell membranes

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37
Q

What happens in the protoplast fusion method of inserting foreign DNA into cells?

A

Removing cell walls from two bacteria allows them to fuse

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38
Q

What determines which method to use in inserting foreign DNA into cells?

A

The vector used

39
Q

In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment

A

Transformation

40
Q

In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, an electrical current forms pores in cell membranes

A

Electroporation

41
Q

In this method of inserting foreign DNA into cells, cell walls are removed from two bacteria, allowing them to fuse

A

Protoplast fusion

42
Q

What are two methods of physically inserting foreign DNA into cells using microscopic equipment?

A

Gene gun and microinjection

43
Q

Gene guns and microinjection are two methods of doing this

A

Insert foreign DNA into cells

44
Q

What is a genomics library?

A

Collection of clones containing different DNA fragments

45
Q

In genomics libraries, how many clones exist for every gene in the organism?

A

At least 1

46
Q

These are collections of clones containing different DNA fragments

A

Genomics libraries

47
Q

In these, an organism’s DNA is digested and spliced into a plasmid or phage vectors and introduced into bacteria for storage

A

Genomics libraries

48
Q

At least one of these exists for every gene in the a genomics library

A

Clone

49
Q

What are two advantages to using E. coli to make gene products?

A

It is easily grown and its genomics are known

50
Q

What are two disadvantages to using E. coli to make gene products?

A

It produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products

51
Q

This bacteria is easily grown and its genomics are known, but it produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products

A

E. coli

52
Q

What are three advantages of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to make gene products?

A

It is easily grown, has a larger genome than bacteria, and expresses eukaryotic genes easily

53
Q

What are four advantages of using plant cells/whole plants to make gene products?

A

Plants express eukaryotic genes easily, are easily grown, can be grown on a large scale, and are low-cost

54
Q

What are two advantages of using mammalian cells to make gene products?

A

Mammalian cells express eukaryotic genes easily and can make products for medical use

55
Q

What is one disadvantage of using mammalian cells to make gene products?

A

Mammalian cells are harder to grow

56
Q

What are subunit vaccines made from?

A

Pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts

57
Q

What are DNA vaccines made from?

A

Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for a pathogen’s antigens

58
Q

What is gene therapy used for?

A

To replace defective or missing genes

59
Q

What can gene editing with CRISPR do?

A

Correct genetic mutations at specific locations

60
Q

These are made from pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts

A

Subunit vaccines

61
Q

These are made from nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for a pathogen’s antigens

A

DNA vaccines

62
Q

This can be used to replace defective or missing genes

A

Gene therapy

63
Q

This is a form of gene editing that can be used to correct genetic mutations at specific locations

A

CRISPR

64
Q

What is the process of gene silencing?

A

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

65
Q

What is the process of RNA interference (RNAi)?

A

DNA encoding siRNA is inserted into a plasmid and transferred into a cell

66
Q

In this form of gene therapy, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

A

Gene silencing

67
Q

In this form of gene therapy, DNA encoding siRNA is inserted into a plasmid and transferred into a cell

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

68
Q

What is metagenomics?

A

The study of genetic material directly from environmental samples

69
Q

What has the Human Genome Project done?

A

Sequenced the entire human genome

70
Q

What will the Human Proteome Project do?

A

Map proteins expressed in human cells

71
Q

This is the study of genetic material directly from environmental samples

A

Metagenomics

72
Q

This project sequenced the entire human genome

A

Human Genome Project

73
Q

This project will map proteins expressed in human cells

A

Human Proteome Project

74
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

Understanding gene function via computer-assisted analysis

75
Q

What is proteomics?

A

Determining proteins expressed in a cell

76
Q

This is the understanding of gene function via computer-assisted analysis

A

Bioinformatics

77
Q

This is determining of the proteins expressed in a cell

A

Proteomics

78
Q

This method is used in forensic microbiology to identify pathogens

A

DNA fingerprinting

79
Q

What can PCR microarrays and DNA chips do in forensic microbiology?

A

Screen samples for multiple pathogens

80
Q

What are three ways forensic microbiology differs from medicine?

A

Requires suppression of genes, the proper collection of evidence, and establishing a chain of custody

81
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for in forensic microbiology?

A

Pathogen identification

82
Q

These can both be used in forensic microbiology to screen samples for multiple pathogens

A

PCR microarrays and DNA chips

83
Q

This differs from medicine as it requires gene suppression, proper evidence collection, and a chain of custody

A

Forensic microbiology

84
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

Making molecular/atomic-sized products

85
Q

What kind of devices are usually used in nanotechnology?

A

Small mechanical devices

86
Q

These organisms can be used to make molecule-sized particles in nanotechnology

A

Bacteria

87
Q

What are nanospheres used for?

A

Drug targeting and delivery

88
Q

What can Acebacter xylinum be used for in nanotechnology?

A

Building cellulose nanofibers for artificial blood vessels

89
Q

This field makes molecular/atomic-sized products, typically small mechanical devices

A

Nanotechnology

90
Q

What can bacteria be used for in nanotechnology?

A

Making molecule-sized products

91
Q

These are a nanotechnology used in drug targeting and delivery

A

Nanospheres

92
Q

These bacteria are used to build cellulose nanofibers for artificial blood vessels

A

Acebacter xylinum

93
Q

What happens when mRNA and antisense RNA hybridize?

A

Protein synthesis is inhibited

94
Q

What is antisense DNA?

A

DNA that is complementary to the DNA encoding a protein

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