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microbiology ch 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability to cause a disease

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2
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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3
Q

What are the three portals of microorganism entry into a host?

A

Mucous membranes, skin, and parenteral route

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4
Q

What is the parenteral route of entry for microorganisms?

A

Entry through punctures, bites, infections; deposited directly into tissues when barriers are penetrated

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5
Q

What is ID50?

A

The infectious dose of microbes for 50% of a sample population

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6
Q

What is LD50?

A

Lethal dose of microbes for 50% of a sample population

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7
Q

What does ID50 measure?

A

Virulence of a microbe

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8
Q

What does LD50 measure?

A

Potency of a toxin

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9
Q

What process do almost all pathogens use to attach to host tissues?

A

Adherence (adhesion)

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10
Q

These on the pathogen bind to receptors on the host cells

A

Adhesins (ligands)

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11
Q

Some bacteria have this around the cell wall that impairs phagocytosis

A

Glycocalyx capsule

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12
Q

These cell wall components resist phagocytosis

A

M proteins

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13
Q

These cell wall proteins allow attachment to host cells and fimbriae

A

Opa

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14
Q

These cell wall components resist digestion

A

Wavy lipid (mycolic acid)

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15
Q

These enzymes coagulate fibrinogen

A

Coagulases

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16
Q

These enzymes digest fibrin clots

A

Kinases

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17
Q

These enzymes digest the polysaccharides that hold cells together

A

Hyaluronidases

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18
Q

These enzymes break down collagen

A

Collagenase

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19
Q

These enzymes destroy IgA antibodies

A

IgA proteases

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20
Q

What happens in antigenic variation?

A

Pathogens alter their surface antigens so antibodies are rendered ineffective

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21
Q

These are surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of the cytoskeleton and cause membrane ruffling

A

Invasins

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22
Q

What are two bacteria species that use actin to move from one cell to the next and through cells?

A

Shigella species and Listeria species

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23
Q

What element is required for most pathogenic bacteria?

A

Iron

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24
Q

These are proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells

A

Siderophores

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25
Q

These are poisonous substances produced by microorganisms

A

Toxins

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26
Q

What are four health affects of toxins?

A

Fever, cardiovascular problems, diarrhea, and shock

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27
Q

This is the ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin

A

Toxigenicity

28
Q

This is the presence of toxin in the host’s blood

A

Toxemia

29
Q

This is the presence of toxin without microbial growth

A

Intoxication

30
Q

This type of toxin is produce inside and secreted by bacteria

A

Exotoxins

31
Q

These toxins are soluble in bodily fluids, destroy host cells and inhibit metabolic functions

A

Exotoxins

32
Q

During what phase are exotoxins secreted?

A

Log phase

33
Q

These are antibodies against specific exotoxins

A

Antitoxins

34
Q

These are inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

A

Toxoids

35
Q

What are the two components of A-B toxins?

A

An enzyme (A) and a binding component (B)

36
Q

What do genotoxins do?

A

Damage DNA

37
Q

What do membrane-disrupting toxins do?

A

Lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membranes

38
Q

These membrane-disrupting toxins kill phagocytic leukocytes

A

Leukocidins

39
Q

These membrane-disrupting toxins kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels

A

Hemolysins

40
Q

These are hemolysins produced by streptococci

A

Streptolysins

41
Q

These cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells (T cells)

A

Superantigens

42
Q

What symptoms do superantigens cause?

A

Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, death

43
Q

These are part of bacterial cells, and not a metabolic product

A

Endotoxins

44
Q

What are two symptoms of endotoxins?

A

Fever and shock

45
Q

These may carry genes for toxins, productions of antibiotics, and enzymes

A

Plasmids

46
Q

This changes the characteristics of a microbe due to incorporation of a prophage

A

Lysogenic conversion

47
Q

These are visible effects of viral infection on a cell

A

Cytopathic effects

48
Q

These are granules or viral particle in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells

A

Inclusion bodies

49
Q

These are adjacent infected cells fused to form a very large multinucleate cell

A

Syncytium

50
Q

These are produced by virally-infected cells

A

Alpha and beta interferons

51
Q

These protect neighboring cells from viral infection

A

Alpha and beta interferons

52
Q

What are two ways alpha and beta interferons protect neighboring cells from viral infection?

A

Inhibit synthesis of viral proteins and host cell proteins; kill virus-infected host cells by apoptosis

53
Q

These produce toxic metabolic products that provoke an allergic response

A

Fungi

54
Q

Fungi produce these toxins that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Trichothecene toxins

55
Q

Fungi produce these that modify host cell membranes

A

Proteases

56
Q

Fungi have these that prevent phagocytosis

A

Capsules

57
Q

These are alkaloid fungi toxins that cause hallucinations

A

Ergot

58
Q

This is a carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus

A

Aflatoxin

59
Q

These are produced by mushrooms and are neurotoxic; Phalloidin and amanitin are two examples

A

Mycotoxins

60
Q

The presence of these and their waste products causes symptoms

A

Protozoa

61
Q

What are three ways protozoa avoid host defenses?

A

Digesting cells/tissue fluids; growing in phagocytes; antigenic variation

62
Q

What is the neurotoxin produced by some algae?

A

Saxitoxin

63
Q

What does saxitoxin cause?

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

64
Q

These use host tissue for growth, produce large masses that cause cellular damage, and produce waste products that cause symptoms

A

Helminths

65
Q

What are the five portals of exit?

A

Respiratory tract; gastrointestinal tract; genitourinary tract; blood; skin

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