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microbiology ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

These are obligatory intracellular parasites that require living host cells to multiply

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Do viruses have a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Do viruses have a protein coat?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes

A

No

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5
Q

Do viruses have ATP-generating mechanisms?

A

No

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6
Q

What is a virus’ host range?

A

The spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

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7
Q

Can most viruses infect every type of cell in a host?

A

No

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8
Q

What determines what cells viruses infect?

A

Specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

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9
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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10
Q

What is the range of virus size?

A

20 nm to 1000 nm

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11
Q

This is the spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

A

Host range

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12
Q

These are viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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13
Q

What is a virion?

A

A complete, fully developed viral particle

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14
Q

What is a capsid?

A

A protein coat made of capsomere subunits

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15
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

Lipid, protein, and carbohydrate coating on some viruses

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16
Q

This is a complete, fully developed viral particle

A

Virion

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17
Q

This is a protein coat made of capsomere subunits

A

Capsid

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18
Q

This is a lipid, protein, and carbohydrate coating on some viruses

A

Envelope

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19
Q

These are projections on the outer surface of a virus

A

Spikes

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20
Q

What shape are helical viruses?

A

Hollow and cylindrical

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21
Q

What shape are polyhedral viruses?

A

Many-sided, icosahedrons

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22
Q

What shapes are enveloped viruses?

A

Helical or polyhedral

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23
Q

What shape are complex viruses?

A

Complicated structures

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24
Q

These viruses are hollow and have a cylindrical capsid

A

Helical viruses

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25
Q

These viruses are many-sided icosahedrons

A

Polyhedral viruses

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26
Q

These viruses can be helical or polyhedral

A

Enveloped viruses

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27
Q

These viruses have complicated structures

A

Complex viruses

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28
Q

What do virus genus names end with?

A

-virus

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29
Q

What do virus family names end with?

A

-viridae

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30
Q

What do virus order names end with?

A

-ales

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31
Q

What is a viral species?

A

Group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host range)

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32
Q

What type of names are used for virus species?

A

Descriptive common names

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33
Q

How are virus subspecies designated?

A

By a number

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34
Q

This taxonomic level of viruses ends in -virus

A

Genus

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35
Q

This taxonomic level of viruses ends in -viridae

A

Family

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36
Q

This taxonomic level of viruses ends in -ales

A

Order

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37
Q

This is a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host range)

A

Viral species

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38
Q

Descriptive common names are used for this taxonomic level of viruses

A

Species

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39
Q

These viruses are designated by a number

A

Subspecies

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40
Q

Must viruses be grown in living cells?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What are bacteriophages grown in?

A

Bacteria

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42
Q

What are plaques?

A

Clearings in bacteria on surface of agar

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43
Q

What is another term for plaques?

A

Plaque-forming units (PFU)

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44
Q

These must be grown in living cells

A

Viruses

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45
Q

These viruses are grown in bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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46
Q

These are clearings on a lawn of bacteria on the surface of agar formed by bacteriophages

A

Plaques

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47
Q

These are also known as plaque-forming units

A

Plaques

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48
Q

Does each plaque correspond to a single virus?

A

Yes

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49
Q

What is the cytopathic effect (CPE)?

A

Deterioration of virally infected cells in culture

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50
Q

What are tissues treated with to separate cells in bacteriophage cultures?

A

Enzymes

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51
Q

How are virally infected cells detected?

A

Via their deterioration, or cytopathic effect (CPE)

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52
Q

What type of serological test can be done to identify viruses?

A

Western blotting reaction of the virus with antibodies

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53
Q

What 2 tests can be done to identify viruses using their nucleic acids?

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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54
Q

What two things must happen for a virus to multiply?

A

It must invade a cell host and take over the host’s metabolic machinery

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55
Q

What type of growth curve does viral multiplication show?

A

One-step growth curve

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56
Q

What is the early period in viral multiplication when growth is hidden and cannot be measured?

A

Eclipse period

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57
Q

What happens during the lytic cycle?

A

Phage causes lysis and death of the host cell

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58
Q

What 3 things happen during the lysogenic cycle?

A

Phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA; phage conversion; specialized transduction

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59
Q

In this cycle, the phage causes lysis and death of the host cell

A

Lytic cycle

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60
Q

In this cycle, phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA, and there is phage conversion and specialized transduction

A

Lysogenic cycle

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61
Q

What type of bacteriophages undergo the lytic cycle only?

A

Virulent bacteriophages

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62
Q

What type of bacteriophages can undergo both the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

Temperate bacteriophages

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63
Q

What happens during the attachment phase of the lytic cycle?

A

The phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell

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64
Q

What happens during the penetration phase of the lytic cycle?

A

The phage lysozyme opens the cell wall and the tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

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65
Q

What happens during the biosynthesis phase of the lytic cycle?

A

Production of phage DNA and proteins

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66
Q

What happens during the maturation phase of the lytic cycle?

A

Assembly of phage particles

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67
Q

What happens during the release phase of the lytic cycle?

A

Phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall and assembled phages leave to infect other host cells

68
Q

During this phase of the lytic cycle, the phage attaches to the host cell by the tail fibers

A

Attachment

69
Q

During this phase of the lytic cycle, the phage’s lysozyme opens the cell wall, and its tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

A

Penetration

70
Q

During this phase of the lytic cycle, phage DNA and proteins are produced

A

Biosynthesis

71
Q

During this phase of the lytic cycle, the phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall and assembled phages may go on to infect other host cells

A

Release

72
Q

During this phase of the lytic cycle, viral components are assembled into virions

A

Maturation

73
Q

What happens during lysogeny?

A

Phage remains latent

74
Q

What is a prophage?

A

Inserted phage DNA

75
Q

What happens when the host cell replicates its chromosome?

A

Prophage DNA is also replicated

76
Q

What happens as a result of phage conversion?

A

The host cell exhibits new properties

77
Q

What 2 things happen in specialized transduction?

A

Specific bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium via a phage, and the genetic properties of the bacteria are changed

78
Q

In this type of transduction, specific bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium via a phage, changing the genetic properties of the bacteria

A

Specialized transduction

79
Q

What happens during the attachment stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Virus attaches to the cell membrane

80
Q

What happens during the entry stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion allows entry of the virus

81
Q

What happens during the uncoating stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Viral or host enzymes remove capsid proteins

82
Q

What happens during the biosynthesis stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Nucleic acids and proteins produced

83
Q

What happens during the maturation stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

84
Q

What happens to enveloped viruses during the release stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Enveloped viruses bud out from cell membrane

85
Q

What happens to nonenveloped viruses during the release stage of animal virus multiplication?

A

Nonenveloped viruses rupture plasma membrane

86
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, the virus uses plasma membrane proteins/glycoproteins to connect to plasma membrane

A

Attachment

87
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, the capsid goes inside the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

A

Entry

88
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, capsid proteins are removed enzymatically

A

Uncoating

89
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, nucleic acids and proteins are produced

A

Biosynthesis

90
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, nucleic acids and capsid proteins are assembled

A

Maturation

91
Q

During this stage of animal virus multiplication, enveloped viruses will bud out, while nonenveloped viruses will rupture plasma membrane

A

Release

92
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate their DNA in the host cell?

A

Nucleus

93
Q

Where do DNA viruses synthesize capsid in the host cell?

A

Cytoplasm

94
Q

What do DNA viruses use to replicate their DNA in the nucleus of the host?

A

Viral enzymes

95
Q

What are two diseases caused by Adenoviridae?

A

Respiratory infections (in humans), and tumors (in animals)

96
Q

What does Poxviridae cause?

A

Skin lesions

97
Q

What are two examples of viral groups in Poxviridae?

A

Vaccinia and smallpox viruses

98
Q

These are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans and tumors in animals

A

Adenoviridae

99
Q

These are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause skin lesions

A

Poxviridae

100
Q

What do HHV-1 and HHV-2-Simplexvirus cause?

A

Cold sores

101
Q

What does HHV-3-Varicellovirus cause?

A

Chickenpox

102
Q

What does HHV-4-Lymphocryptovirus cause?

A

Mononucleosis

103
Q

What group of viruses does HHV-5-Cytomegalovirus and HHV-6 and HHV-7-Roseolovirus belong to?

A

Herpesviridae

104
Q

What does HHV-8-Rhadinovirus cause?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

105
Q

These are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause skin conditions and cancers

A

Herpesviridae

106
Q

These viruses cause cold sores

A

HHV-1 and HHV-2-Simplexvirus

107
Q

This virus causes chickenpox

A

HHV-3-Varicellovirus

108
Q

This virus causes mononucleosis

A

HHV-4-Lymphocryptovirus

109
Q

This virus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

HHV-8-Rhadinovirus

110
Q

What does Papillomavirus cause?

A

Warts, cancer

111
Q

This group of nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses includes Papillomavirus, which causes warts and can transform cells to cause cancer

A

Papovaviridae

112
Q

What group does the Hepatitis B virus belong to?

A

Hepadnaviridae

113
Q

This group of enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses includes the Hepatitis B virus and can use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

A

Hepadnaviridae

114
Q

What enzyme do RNA viruses use to multiply in the host cell’s cytoplasm?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

115
Q

This type of viral RNA can directly serve as mRNA for protein synthesis

A

ssRNA + (sense) strand

116
Q

This type of viral RNA must be transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA for protein synthesis

A

ssRNA - (antisense) strand

117
Q

What is dsRNA?

A

Double-stranded RNA

118
Q

What does the Rhinovirus cause?

A

Common cold

119
Q

This group of nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA, + strand viruses includes the Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, and Hepatitis A virus

A

Picornaviridae

120
Q

What are two enteroviruses?

A

Poliovirus and Coxsackievirus

121
Q

What transmit Alphavirus?

A

Arthropods

122
Q

What does the Rubivirus cause?

A

Rubella

123
Q

This group of enveloped, single-stranded RNA, + strand viruses include Alphavirus and Rubivirus

A

Togaviridae

124
Q

What does the Lyssavirus cause?

A

Rabies

125
Q

This group of enveloped, single-stranded RNA, - strand viruses includes the Lyssavirus and causes numerous animal diseases

A

Rhabdoviridae

126
Q

What is another name for the respiratory enteric orphan virus?

A

Reovirus

127
Q

What 2 conditions does the Rotavirus cause?

A

Mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis

128
Q

This group of nonenveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses includes the Reovirus and Rotavirus

A

Reoviridae

129
Q

What do single-stranded RNA viruses use to produce viral DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

130
Q

What does viral DNA do to the host chromosome?

A

Integrate into it as a provirus

131
Q

What two types of viruses are included in Retroviridae?

A

Lentivirus (HIV) and Oncoviruses

132
Q

These viruses use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the viral genome

A

Single-stranded RNA viruses

133
Q

How is a provirus formed?

A

When viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome

134
Q

This group of viruses includes Lentivirus and Oncoviruses

A

Retroviridae

135
Q

Are cancers caused by viruses contagious?

A

No

136
Q

What are the two main types of solid tumors?

A

Sarcoma and adenocarcinoma

137
Q

What do oncolytic viruses do?

A

Selectively infect and kill tumor cells

138
Q

What kind of tissue does sarcoma affect?

A

Connective tissue

139
Q

What kind of tissue do adenocarcinomas affect?

A

Glandular epithelial tissue

140
Q

These viruses selectively infect and kill tumor cells

A

Oncolytic viruses

141
Q

What do oncogenes do?

A

Transform normal cells into cancerous cells

142
Q

What do oncogenic viruses (oncoviruses) do?

A

Become integrated into the host cell’s DNA and induce tumors

143
Q

What is the percentage of cancers known to be virus-induced?

A

10%

144
Q

Where does a transformed cell harbor a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA)?

A

On the surface

145
Q

Where does a transformed cell harbor a T antigen?

A

In the nucleus

146
Q

These transform normal cells into cancerous cells

A

Oncogenes

147
Q

These become integrated into the host cell’s DNA and induce tumors

A

Oncogenic viruses (oncoviruses)

148
Q

A transformed cell harbors this on its surface

A

Tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA)

149
Q

A transformed cell harbors this in the nucleus

A

T antigen

150
Q

This group of viruses uses reverse transcriptase and includes human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 and -2, as well as the hepatitis C virus

A

Retroviridae

151
Q

What do human t-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) and -2 (HTLV-2) cause?

A

Adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma

152
Q

What does a latent virus do?

A

Remains in an asymptomatic host cell for long periods

153
Q

What causes a latent virus to reactivate?

A

Changes in immunity

154
Q

What are two examples of conditions caused by latent viruses?

A

Cold sores and shingles

155
Q

What does a persistent viral infection do?

A

Occurs gradually over a long period

156
Q

Are persistent viral infections generally fatal?

A

Yes

157
Q

This type of virus remains in an asymptomatic host cell for long periods, and may reactivate due to changes in immunity

A

Latent virus

158
Q

This type of viral infection occurs gradually over a long period and is generally fatal

A

Persistent viral infection

159
Q

How are two ways plant viruses enter cells?

A

Through wounds or insects

160
Q

Is it easier for viruses to enter plant cells than animal cells?

A

No

161
Q

What are viroids?

A

Short pieces of naked RNA

162
Q

What is an example of a plant disease caused by viroids?

A

Potato spindle tuber disease

163
Q

What are virusoids?

A

Viroids enclosed in a protein coat

164
Q

When are virusoids able to cause disease in a plant?

A

When plant cell is coinfected with a virus

165
Q

This generally protects plant cells from viruses

A

Cell wall

166
Q

These are short pieces of naked RNA, and are the cause of potato spindle tuber disease

A

Viroids

167
Q

These are viroids enclosed in a protein coat and only cause disease when a plant cell is coinfected with a virus

A

Virusoids

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