microbiology ch 2 Flashcards
These reactions absorb energy
Endergonic
These reactions release energy
Exergonic
Do exergonic reactions release energy?
Yes
Do endergonic reactions release energy?
No
Do endergonic reactions absorb energy?
Yes
Do exergonic reactions absorb energy?
No
What do endergonic reactions do with energy?
Absorb
What do exergonic reactions do with energy?
Release energy
What are synthesis reactions?
When atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
What is another term for synthesis reactions?
Anabolism
What is anabolism?
Combination of atoms/ions/molecules into new, larger molecules
What is another term for anabolism?
Synthesis reactions
What are decomposition reactions?
Splitting of molecule into smaller molecules/ions/atoms
What is decomposition also known as?
Catabolism
What is another term for catabolism?
Decomposition reactions
Does catabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?
No
Does anabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?
Yes
What is the splitting of larger molecules into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms?
Decomposition reactions/Catabolism
Does anabolism break down larger molecules?
No
Does catabolism break down larger molecules?
Yes
What is an exchange reaction?
Part synthesis reaction and part decomposition reaction
What are part synthesis and part decomposition reactions?
Exchange reactions
What are characteristics of inorganic compounds?
Lack carbon; small; strucuturally simple
What are smaller compounds that lack carbon and are structurally simple?
Inorganic compounds
Do inorganic compounds typically contain carbon?
No
Are inorganic compounds typically small and simple?
Yes
What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
Acids
What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
Bases
What are substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
Salts
Do salts dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
No
Do acids dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
Yes
Do bases dissociate into cations and anions?
No
Do bases dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
No
Do bases dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
Yes
Do salts dissociate into cations and anions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)?
Yes
Do salts dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
No
Do acids dissociate into cations and anions?
No
Do acids dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
No
What are characteristics of organic compounds?
Always contain carbon and hydrogen; are typically structurally complex
Are organic compounds typically more structurally complex than inorganic compounds?
Yes
Can organic compounds ever lack carbon/hydrogen?
No
What are macromolecules?
Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers
What are monomers?
Small molecules that can repeat to form polymers
Are monosaccharides polymers?
No
Are amino acids polymers?
No
Are lipids polymers?
Yes
Are polypeptides polymers?
Yes
Are nucleic acids polymers?
Yes
Are fatty acids monomers?
Yes
Are nucleotides polymers?
No
Are lipids monomers?
No
Are polysaccharides protein polymers?
No
Are lipids carbohydrate monomers?
No
Are nucleotides nucleic acid monomers?
Yes
Are amino acids protein polymers?
No
Are monosaccharides carbohydrate monomers?
Yes
Are nucleic acids monomers?
No
Are polysaccharides lipid polymers?
No
Are polypeptides made up of nucleotides?
No
Are fatty acids made up of lipids?
No
Are polypeptides made up of amino acids?
Yes
Are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides?
Yes
Are lipids made up of fatty acids?
Yes
Are polysaccharides made up of lipids?
No
Are amino acids made up of nucleotides?
No
Are nucleotides made up of nucleic acids?
No
Are polysaccharides made up of monosaccharides?
Yes
What consist of C, H, and O, and have the formula CH20n?
Carbohydrates
What serve as cell structures and energy sources?
Carbohydrates
What are glycosidic bonds?
Form structure of carbohydrates
What are simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms?
Monosaccharides
What are formed when two monosaccharides join in a dehydration synthesis?
Disaccharides
What consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis?
Polysaccharides
What are characteristics of carbohydrates?
Consist of C, H, and O; have formula CH2On
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Cell structure and cell energy
What makes up the structure of carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons
What are disaccharides?
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
What are polysaccharides?
Tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
How are monosaccharides joined together?
Dehydration synthesis
What are made of C, H, O, N and sometimes S?
Proteins
What are essential to cell structure and function?
Proteins
What are made up of peptide bonds?
Proteins
How many groups of amino acids are there?
3
Proteins are typically made of what elements?
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
What functions to proteins serve?
Cell structure and function
What forms the structure of proteins?
Peptide bonds
What is made up of three main groups?
Amino acids
How many levels of protein structure exist?
4
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Polypeptide chain
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
When amino acid chain folds and coils into helix/pleated sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
When helix/sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Two or more polypeptides
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
This protein structure level consists of a polypeptide chain
Primary structure
This protein structure level occurs when amino acid chain folds and coils into a helix or pleated sheet
Secondary structure
This protein structure occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly to form disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in chain
Tertiary structure
This protein structure is made up of two or more polypeptides
Quaternary structure
What elements make up lipids?
C, H, and O
What are two common characteristics of lipids?
Nonpolar and insoluble in water
What is the function of lipids?
Primary component of cell membranes
What is the structure of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
Is glycerol a monomer of lipids?
Yes
What consists of C, H, and O in a chain?
Lipids
What are nonpolar and insoluble in water?
Lipids
What are the primary components of cell membranes?
Lipids
What are made up of glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipids
What is a saturated fat?
No double bonds in fatty acids
What is an unsaturated fat?
One or more double bonds in the fatty acids
What have no double bonds in the fatty acids?
Saturated fats
What have one or more double bonds in the fatty acids?
Unsaturated fats
What do nucleic acids consist of?
Nucleotides
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information
What forms the structure of nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds
What three components make up a nucleotide?
Five carbon (pentose) sugar; phosphate group; nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
What consists of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
What function as genetic information storage?
Nucleic acids
What are made up of phosphodiester bonds?
Nucleic acids
What are made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base?
Nucleotides
What are the two main types of nucleic acid?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Does DNA contain ribose?
No
Does DNA contain deoxyribose?
Yes
Which type of nucleic acid contains Uracil?
RNA
Which type of nucleic acid contains Thymine?
DNA
What does Cytosine bond with?
Guanine
What does Adenine bond with?
Either Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)
What shape is DNA?
Double helix
What shape is RNA?
Single-stranded
Does RNA form a double helix?
No
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP made of?
Ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
What does ATP do?
Stores chemical energy released by some chemical reactions
What is made up of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What stores the chemical energy that is released by some chemical reactions?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
