microbiology ch 2 Flashcards
1
Q
These reactions absorb energy
A
Endergonic
2
Q
These reactions release energy
A
Exergonic
3
Q
Do exergonic reactions release energy?
A
Yes
4
Q
Do endergonic reactions release energy?
A
No
5
Q
Do endergonic reactions absorb energy?
A
Yes
6
Q
Do exergonic reactions absorb energy?
A
No
7
Q
What do endergonic reactions do with energy?
A
Absorb
8
Q
What do exergonic reactions do with energy?
A
Release energy
9
Q
What are synthesis reactions?
A
When atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
10
Q
What is another term for synthesis reactions?
A
Anabolism
11
Q
What is anabolism?
A
Combination of atoms/ions/molecules into new, larger molecules
12
Q
What is another term for anabolism?
A
Synthesis reactions
13
Q
What are decomposition reactions?
A
Splitting of molecule into smaller molecules/ions/atoms
14
Q
What is decomposition also known as?
A
Catabolism
15
Q
What is another term for catabolism?
A
Decomposition reactions
16
Q
Does catabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?
A
No
17
Q
Does anabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?
A
Yes
18
Q
What is the splitting of larger molecules into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms?
A
Decomposition reactions/Catabolism
19
Q
Does anabolism break down larger molecules?
A
No
20
Q
Does catabolism break down larger molecules?
A
Yes
21
Q
What is an exchange reaction?
A
Part synthesis reaction and part decomposition reaction
22
Q
What are part synthesis and part decomposition reactions?
A
Exchange reactions
23
Q
What are characteristics of inorganic compounds?
A
Lack carbon; small; strucuturally simple
24
Q
What are smaller compounds that lack carbon and are structurally simple?
A
Inorganic compounds
25
Do inorganic compounds typically contain carbon?
No
26
Are inorganic compounds typically small and simple?
Yes
27
What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
Acids
28
What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
Bases
29
What are substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
Salts
30
Do salts dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
No
31
Do acids dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
Yes
32
Do bases dissociate into cations and anions?
No
33
Do bases dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?
No
34
Do bases dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
Yes
35
Do salts dissociate into cations and anions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)?
Yes
36
Do salts dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
No
37
Do acids dissociate into cations and anions?
No
38
Do acids dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?
No
39
What are characteristics of organic compounds?
Always contain carbon and hydrogen; are typically structurally complex
40
Are organic compounds typically more structurally complex than inorganic compounds?
Yes
41
Can organic compounds ever lack carbon/hydrogen?
No
42
What are macromolecules?
Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers
43
What are monomers?
Small molecules that can repeat to form polymers
44
Are monosaccharides polymers?
No
45
Are amino acids polymers?
No
46
Are lipids polymers?
Yes
47
Are polypeptides polymers?
Yes
48
Are nucleic acids polymers?
Yes
49
Are fatty acids monomers?
Yes
50
Are nucleotides polymers?
No
51
Are lipids monomers?
No
52
Are polysaccharides protein polymers?
No
53
Are lipids carbohydrate monomers?
No
54
Are nucleotides nucleic acid monomers?
Yes
55
Are amino acids protein polymers?
No
56
Are monosaccharides carbohydrate monomers?
Yes
57
Are nucleic acids monomers?
No
58
Are polysaccharides lipid polymers?
No
59
Are polypeptides made up of nucleotides?
No
60
Are fatty acids made up of lipids?
No
61
Are polypeptides made up of amino acids?
Yes
62
Are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides?
Yes
63
Are lipids made up of fatty acids?
Yes
64
Are polysaccharides made up of lipids?
No
65
Are amino acids made up of nucleotides?
No
66
Are nucleotides made up of nucleic acids?
No
67
Are polysaccharides made up of monosaccharides?
Yes
68
What consist of C, H, and O, and have the formula CH20n?
Carbohydrates
69
What serve as cell structures and energy sources?
Carbohydrates
70
What are glycosidic bonds?
Form structure of carbohydrates
71
What are simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms?
Monosaccharides
72
What are formed when two monosaccharides join in a dehydration synthesis?
Disaccharides
73
What consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis?
Polysaccharides
74
What are characteristics of carbohydrates?
Consist of C, H, and O; have formula CH2On
75
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Cell structure and cell energy
76
What makes up the structure of carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds
77
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons
78
What are disaccharides?
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
79
What are polysaccharides?
Tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
80
How are monosaccharides joined together?
Dehydration synthesis
81
What are made of C, H, O, N and sometimes S?
Proteins
82
What are essential to cell structure and function?
Proteins
83
What are made up of peptide bonds?
Proteins
84
How many groups of amino acids are there?
3
85
Proteins are typically made of what elements?
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
86
What functions to proteins serve?
Cell structure and function
87
What forms the structure of proteins?
Peptide bonds
88
What is made up of three main groups?
Amino acids
89
How many levels of protein structure exist?
4
90
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Polypeptide chain
91
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
When amino acid chain folds and coils into helix/pleated sheet
92
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
When helix/sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
93
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Two or more polypeptides
94
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
95
This protein structure level consists of a polypeptide chain
Primary structure
96
This protein structure level occurs when amino acid chain folds and coils into a helix or pleated sheet
Secondary structure
97
This protein structure occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly to form disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in chain
Tertiary structure
98
This protein structure is made up of two or more polypeptides
Quaternary structure
99
What elements make up lipids?
C, H, and O
100
What are two common characteristics of lipids?
Nonpolar and insoluble in water
101
What is the function of lipids?
Primary component of cell membranes
102
What is the structure of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
103
Is glycerol a monomer of lipids?
Yes
104
What consists of C, H, and O in a chain?
Lipids
105
What are nonpolar and insoluble in water?
Lipids
106
What are the primary components of cell membranes?
Lipids
107
What are made up of glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipids
108
What is a saturated fat?
No double bonds in fatty acids
109
What is an unsaturated fat?
One or more double bonds in the fatty acids
110
What have no double bonds in the fatty acids?
Saturated fats
111
What have one or more double bonds in the fatty acids?
Unsaturated fats
112
What do nucleic acids consist of?
Nucleotides
113
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information
114
What forms the structure of nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds
115
What three components make up a nucleotide?
Five carbon (pentose) sugar; phosphate group; nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
116
What consists of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
117
What function as genetic information storage?
Nucleic acids
118
What are made up of phosphodiester bonds?
Nucleic acids
119
What are made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base?
Nucleotides
120
What are the two main types of nucleic acid?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
121
Does DNA contain ribose?
No
122
Does DNA contain deoxyribose?
Yes
123
Which type of nucleic acid contains Uracil?
RNA
124
Which type of nucleic acid contains Thymine?
DNA
125
What does Cytosine bond with?
Guanine
126
What does Adenine bond with?
Either Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)
127
What shape is DNA?
Double helix
128
What shape is RNA?
Single-stranded
129
Does RNA form a double helix?
No
130
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
131
What is ATP made of?
Ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
132
What does ATP do?
Stores chemical energy released by some chemical reactions
133
What is made up of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
134
What stores the chemical energy that is released by some chemical reactions?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
