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microbiology ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What breaks down complex molecules, provides energy and building blocks for anabolism, and is exergonic and hydrolytic?

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

What reactions produce more energy than they consume?

A

Exergonic

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3
Q

These reactions use water and break chemical bonds

A

Hydrolytic

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4
Q

What do hyrdolytic reactions do?

A

Break chemical bonds using water

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5
Q

What type of reactions use energy to build complex molecules, are endergonic and use dehydration synthesis?

A

Anabolism

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6
Q

These reactions consume more energy than they produce

A

Endergonic

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7
Q

These reactions release water

A

Dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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9
Q

What determines metabolic pathways?

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

What are enzymes encoded by?

A

Genes

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11
Q

These are sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

A

Metabolic pathways

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12
Q

Enzymes determine these

A

Metabolic pathways

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13
Q

Genes encode these

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

What does collision theory state?

A

That chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

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15
Q

What is the basis of collision theory?

A

That all atoms, ions, and molecules are continuously moving and colliding with one another

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16
Q

What can the energy transferred by colliding particles do?

A

Break chemical bonds or form new bonds

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17
Q

This states that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

A

Collision theory

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18
Q

This explains how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of those reactions

A

Collision theory

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19
Q

How can chemical bonds be broken or formed?

A

By the energy transferred to them during collision breaking their electron structures

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20
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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21
Q

What is reaction rate?

A

The frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

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22
Q

What four factors can increase reaction rate?

A

Enzymes, increasing temperature, increasing pressure, increasing concentration

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23
Q

This is the collision energy needed for chemical reactions to occur

A

Activation energy

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24
Q

This is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to cause reactions

A

Reaction rate

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25
Q

Enzymes, or increases in temperature, pressure, or concentration can cause this

A

Reaction rate increase

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26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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27
Q

What can catalysts do?

A

Speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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28
Q

What do enzymes act on?

A

A specific substrate

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29
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of reaction?

A

By lowering activation energy

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30
Q

These are biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

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31
Q

These can speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves

A

Catalysts

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32
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Formation of enzyme’s active site and substrate

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33
Q

What happens to the substrate on an enzyme’s active site?

A

It is transformed, rearranged into products, and released from enzyme

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34
Q

What happens to the enzyme after the substrate is released?

A

The enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substrates

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35
Q

This is formed by joining a substrate to an enzyme’s active bonding site

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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36
Q

What is turnover number?

A

The number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

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37
Q

How high can enzyme turnover number be?

A

500,000

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38
Q

What is the general range of enzyme turnover?

A

1 to 10,000

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39
Q

This is the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

A

Turnover number

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40
Q

What do enzyme names typically end with?

A

-ase

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41
Q

What are enzyme names based on?

A

The reaction they catalyze

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42
Q

What reactions is oxidoreductase involved with?

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

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43
Q

What reactions is transferase involved with?

A

Transfer of functional groups such as amino, acetyl, and phosphate groups

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44
Q

What reactions is hydrolase involved with?

A

Hydrolysis

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45
Q

What reactions is lyase involved with?

A

Removal of atoms without hydrolysis

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46
Q

What reactions is isomerase involved with?

A

Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

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47
Q

What reactions is ligase involved with?

A

Joining of molecules using ATP

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48
Q

This enzyme is involved with oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Oxidoreductase

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49
Q

This enzyme is involved in functional group transfer

A

Transferase

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50
Q

This enzyme is involved with hydrolysis

A

Hydrolase

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51
Q

This enzyme is involved with the removal of atoms without hydrolysis

A

Lyase

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52
Q

This enzyme is involved with the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

A

Isomerase

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53
Q

This enzyme is involved in the joining of molecules using ATP

A

Ligase

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54
Q

What are coenzymes/cofactors?

A

Enzyme ‘helpers’/electron carriers

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55
Q

What four factors influence enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration and inhibitors

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56
Q

How does high temperature influence enzyme activity?

A

High temperature can denature proteins

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57
Q

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A

Loss of its characteristic three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration)

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58
Q

How can extreme pH influence enzyme activity?

A

By denaturing proteins

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59
Q

Do enzymes have an optimum pH?

A

Yes

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60
Q

Do enzymes catalyze faster with a higher substrate concentration?

A

Yes

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61
Q

What is saturation?

A

When concentration of substrate is high enough for enzyme to catalyze at maximum rate

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62
Q

When substrate concentration is high and enzyme catalyzes at maximum rate, this is reached

A

Saturation

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63
Q

What do competitive inhibitors do?

A

Fill active site of an enzyme and compete with substrate

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64
Q

This fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitors

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65
Q

What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?

A

Interact with another part of enzyme rather than active site

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66
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

Interaction of noncompetitive inhibitors with enzyme

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67
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

A site other than the active site

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68
Q

How do noncompetitive inhibitors render enzymes nonfunctional?

A

By altering the shape of the active site

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69
Q

These interact with an allosteric site to render enzyme nonfunctional

A

Noncompetitive inhibitors

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70
Q

This is a site on an enzyme that is not its active site

A

Allosteric site

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71
Q

This is the interaction of noncompetitive inhibitors with an enzyme

A

Allosteric inhibition

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72
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

End-product of reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in pathway

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73
Q

This happens when a reaction end-product allosterically inhibits an enzyme at an earlier point in pathway

A

Feedback inhibition

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74
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

RNA that function as catalysts by binding to substrates and acting upon them

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75
Q

What are ribozymes used for in cells?

A

To cut and splice RNA; also involved in protein synthesis in ribosomes

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76
Q

Are ribozymes used up in the reaction?

A

No

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77
Q

These are RNA that function as catalysts

A

Ribozymes

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78
Q

These are used in cells to cut/splice RNA and to synthesize proteins and ribosomes

A

Ribozymes

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79
Q

What is the removal of electrons called?

A

Oxidation

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80
Q

What is the gain of electrons called?

A

Reduction

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81
Q

What is the pairing of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction called?

A

Redox reaction

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82
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Removal of electrons

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83
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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84
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

An oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

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85
Q

What are removed simultaneously in biological systems?

A

Electrons and protons

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86
Q

What is an electron and proton the equivalent of?

A

One hydrogen atom

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87
Q

Biological oxidations are often this type of reaction

A

Dehydrogenations

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88
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Loss of hydrogen atoms

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89
Q

How are electrons and protons removed in biological systems?

A

Simultaneously

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90
Q

What is the equivalent of one hydrogen atom?

A

One electron and proton

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91
Q

This is the loss of hydrogen atoms

A

Dehydrogenation

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92
Q

How is ATP generated?

A

By the phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

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93
Q

What is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy?

A

ATP

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94
Q

What is generated when high-energy PO4- is added to ADP from a phosphorylated compound?

A

ATP

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95
Q

What has to be added to ADP from a phosphorylated compound to generate ATP?

A

High-energy PO4-

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96
Q

This transfers electrons from one electron carrier to another

A

Electron transport chain

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97
Q

The electron transport chain transfers electrons along a membrane, releasing energy to generate this

A

ATP

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98
Q

What is the process wherein ATP is generated from ADP using energy derived from the electron transport chain?

A

Chemiosmosis

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99
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons transferred from one electron carrier to another along a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

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100
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process wherein ATP is generated from ADP using the energy derived from the electron transport chain

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101
Q

In what type of cells does photophosphorylation occur?

A

In photosynthetic cells with light-trapping pigments

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102
Q

What is the process of photophosphorylation?

A

Light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP) during the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll as they pass through a system of carrier molecules

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103
Q

In photosynthetic cells with light-trapping pigments such as chlorophyll, this occurs

A

Photophosphorylation

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104
Q

In this process, light energy is converted to chemical energy during the transfer of electrons from chlorophyll as they pass through a system of carrier molecules

A

Photophosphorylation

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105
Q

What are series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions that extract energy from organic compounds and store it in chemical form?

A

Metabolic pathways

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106
Q

How do metabolic pathways store extracted energy?

A

As ATP

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107
Q

What is carbohydrate catabolism?

A

The breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy

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108
Q

What is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells?

A

Glucose

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109
Q

In addition to glucose, what can microbes use as energy sources?

A

Lipids and proteins

110
Q

This is the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy

A

Carbohydrate catabolism

111
Q

What is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid to produce ATP and NADH?

A

Glycolysis

112
Q

What does “glycolysis” mean?

A

“Splitting sugar”

113
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid to produce ATP and NADH

114
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

ATP and NADH

115
Q

What happens in the preparatory stage of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP are used, glucose is split to form two molecules, and DHAP is converted to GP

116
Q

In this stage of glycolysis, 2 ATP are used to split glucose to form one GP and one DHAP, and DHAP is readily converted to GP

A

Preparatory stage

117
Q

What two molecules is glucose used to form during the preparatory stage of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

118
Q

How many ATP are used during the preparatory stage of glycolysis?

A

2

119
Q

Which molecule is converted into which at the end of the preparatory stage of glycolysis?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP)

120
Q

What happens during the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?

A

The two GP molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 4 ATP are produced, and 2 NADH are produced

121
Q

How many glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP) molecules are oxidized into pyruvic acid during the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?

A

2

122
Q

How many pyruvic acid molecules are formed from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP) during the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?

A

2

123
Q

How many ATP are produced during the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?

A

4

124
Q

How many NADH are produced during the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis?

A

2

125
Q

During this stage of glycolysis, two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to two pyruvic acid molecules, 4 ATP are produced, and 2 NADH are produced

A

Energy-conserving stage

126
Q

What is the overall net gain of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized during glycolysis?

A

2

127
Q

What are the products of this equation: Glucose + 2ATP + 2ADP 2 PO4- + 2NAD+ —>

A

2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H

128
Q

What types of sugar does the pentose phosphate pathway break down?

A

Pentose and/or glucose

129
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?

A

NADPH

130
Q

Does the pentose pathway operate simultaneously with glycolysis?

A

Yes

131
Q

What 3 intermediates can the pentose phosphate pathway provide?

A

Nucleic acids, glucose, certain amino acids

132
Q

How many molecules of ATP does the pentose phosphate pathway yield for each molecule of glucose oxidized?

A

1

133
Q

Which species of bacteria utilizes the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

E. coli

134
Q

This pathway breaks down pentose sugars and/or glucose, produces NADPH, can provide intermediates for synthesis reactions, and yields one molecule of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

135
Q

This pathway operates simultaneously with glycolysis

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

136
Q

Can the pentose phosphate pathway produce intermediates for synthesis reactions?

A

Yes

137
Q

Does the pentose phosphate pathway yield 2 ATP molecules for every 1 glucose molecule oxidized?

A

No

138
Q

This pathway is utilized by E. coli

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

139
Q

What three molecules does the Entner Doudoroff pathway produce from 1 glucose molecule?

A

1 NADPH, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP

140
Q

Does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway operate alongside glycolysis?

A

No

141
Q

What three groups of bacteria use the Entner Doudoroff pathway?

A

Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium

142
Q

From 1 glucose molecule, this pathway produces one molecule each of NADPH, NADH, and ATP

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

143
Q

This pathway operates independently of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

144
Q

This pathway occurs in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

145
Q

What does aerobic respiration use as a final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

146
Q

What does anaerobic respiration use as a final electron acceptor?

A

Molecule other than oxygen

147
Q

What generates ATP in cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

148
Q

In this, oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain

A

Cellular respiration

149
Q

What are two requirements for the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

Comes from outside the cell and is inorganic

150
Q

This type of cellular respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

Aerobic respiration

151
Q

This type of cellular respiration uses a molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic respiration

152
Q

This generates ATP in cellular respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

153
Q

What is oxidized during the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid

154
Q

What does the pyruvic acid used in the Krebs cycle come from?

A

Glycolysis

155
Q

What is lost from pyruvic acid during oxidation in the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2

156
Q

What is the loss of CO2 called?

A

Decarboxylation

157
Q

After decarboxylation in the Krebs cycle, what does the resulting two-carbon compound form?

A

Acetyl CoA and NADH

158
Q

What enzyme is used to form acetyl CoA and NADH?

A

Coenzyme A

159
Q

What does the oxidation of acetyl CoA produce?

A

NADH, ATP, and waste CO2

160
Q

This process transforms pyruvic acid from glycolysis into NADH, ATP, and CO2

A

Krebs cycle

161
Q

Pyruvic acid is oxidized and decarboxylated during this process

A

Krebs cycle

162
Q

Coenzyme A attaches with a two-carbon compound during the Krebs cycle to form these two molecules

A

Acetyl CoA and NADH

163
Q

NADH, ATP, and CO2 are all produced from this process during the Krebs cycle

A

Oxidation of acetyl CoA

164
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotes?

A

In plasma membrane

165
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotes?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

166
Q

What are three types of carrier molecules in the electron transport chain?

A

Flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones

167
Q

What happens to carrier molecules as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain?

A

They are oxidized and reduced

168
Q

What is done with energy released from electron transport chain?

A

It is used to produce ATP

169
Q

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain occurs here

A

Plasma membrane

170
Q

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain occurs here

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

171
Q

Flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones are examples of these

A

Carrier molecules

172
Q

These are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain

A

Carrier molecules

173
Q

What happens with protons as electrons from NADH are passed down the electron transport chain?

A

They are pumped across membrane

174
Q

What does the proton motive force come from?

A

Proton gradient

175
Q

What do protons go through when they diffuse across the membrane?

A

ATP synthase

176
Q

What is the energy from protons diffusing through ATP synthase used for?

A

Synthesizing ATP

177
Q

This is the process of establishing a proton gradient to then diffuse protons through ATP synthase to release the energy needed to synthesize ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

178
Q

How many ATP molecules are made from aerobic respiration?

A

38

179
Q

How many ADP molecules are used during aerobic respiration?

A

38

180
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made from oxidizing one NADH in the electron transport chain?

A

3

181
Q

How many molecules of ATP can one FADH2 make?

A

2

182
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced throughout carbohydrate catabolism?

A

12

183
Q

How many FADH2 molecules are produced throughout carbohydrate catabolism?

A

2

184
Q

How many ATP does substrate-level phosphorylation generate throughout carbohydrate catabolism?

A

4

185
Q

Does anaerobic respiration yield less energy that aerobic respiration?

A

Yes

186
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Process that releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules, does not require oxygen, does not use the Krebs cycle of ETC, and uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor

187
Q

Can fermentation produce as much ATP as cellular respiration?

A

No

188
Q

How many molecules of ATP can fermentation produce?

A

1 or 2

189
Q

This process releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules, does not require oxygen, does not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain, and uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor

A

Fermentation

190
Q

In fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into what?

A

Organic product

191
Q

What is used as a final electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

Organic molecule

192
Q

Does fermentation require oxygen?

A

No

193
Q

Does fermentation release energy from oxidation of organic molecules?

A

Yes

194
Q

Does fermentation use the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain?

A

No

195
Q

Does fermentation produce 1 or 2 ATP?

A

Yes

196
Q

What does lactic acid fermentation produce?

A

Lactic acid

197
Q

What does homolactic fermentation produce?

A

Lactic acid only

198
Q

What does heterolactic fermentation produce?

A

Lactic acid and other compounds

199
Q

What happens to glucose in fermentation?

A

It is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is reduced by NADH

200
Q

This process produces lactic acid

A

Lactic acid fermentation

201
Q

This process produces lactic acid only

A

Homolactic fermentation

202
Q

This process produces lactic acid and other compounds, doing both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

A

Heterolactic fermentation

203
Q

This is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by NADH in the fermentation process

A

Glucose

204
Q

What does alcohol fermentation produce?

A

Ethanol + CO2

205
Q

In this process, glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2, and NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol

A

Alcohol fermentation

206
Q

This process produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

A

Alcohol fermentation

207
Q

What are proteins degraded into by extracellular proteases and peptidases?

A

Amino acids

208
Q

Can amino acids cross plasma membranes?

A

Yes

209
Q

What three things are done to amino acids before entering Krebs cycle?

A

Deamination, decarboxylation, and desulfurization

210
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of amino group to converted to ammonium ion

211
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Removal of carboxylic acid

212
Q

What is desulferization?

A

Removal of thiol group (-SH)

213
Q

These degrade proteins into amino acids

A

Extracellular proteases and peptidases

214
Q

These cross plasma membranes to be deaminated, decarboxylated, and desulfurized

A

Amino acids

215
Q

This is the removal of an amino group to convert into an ammonium ion

A

Deamination

216
Q

This is the removal of carboxylic acid

A

Decarboxylation

217
Q

This is the removal of a thiol group

A

Desulferization

218
Q

How do biochemical tests identify bacteria?

A

By detecting enzymes

219
Q

Enzymes involved in what are detected in biochemical tests?

A

Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

220
Q

These identify bacteria by detecting enzymes involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

A

Biochemical tests

221
Q

What does an oxidase test identify?

A

Bacteria that have cytochrome c oxidase

222
Q

What does a catalase test identify?

A

Bacteria that have catalase

223
Q

What does catalase do?

A

Neutralizes the bacterial effects of hydrogen peroxide

224
Q

This test identifies bacteria that have cytochrome c oxidase

A

Oxidase test

225
Q

This test identifies bacteria that have catalase

A

Catalase test

226
Q

This enzyme neutralizes the bacterial effects of hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

227
Q

What does a fermentation test identify?

A

Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein

228
Q

What happens during a positive fermentation test?

A

The pH indicator changes color

229
Q

Why does the pH indicator change color during a positive fermentation test?

A

Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrates or protein produce acid

230
Q

This test can also be used with a Durham tube to detect gas production during fermentation

A

Fermentation test

231
Q

This test identifies bacteria that catabolize carbohydrates or protein by causing a pH indicator to change color

A

Fermentation test

232
Q

This can be used with a fermentation test to detect gas production

A

Durham tube

233
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

The synthesis of sugar by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas

234
Q

This is the synthesis of sugar by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas

A

Carbon fixation

235
Q

What organisms are oxygenic photosynthesizers?

A

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

236
Q

What organisms are anoxygenic photosynthesizers?

A

Purple sulfur/green sulfur bacteria

237
Q

What does anoxygenic photosynthesis use in place of water?

A

H2S

238
Q

What does anoxygenic photosynthesis produce instead of oxygen?

A

12 Sulfur molecules

239
Q

What happens in light-dependent reactions?

A

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy

240
Q

What kind of chemical energy to light-dependent reactions produce?

A

ATP and NADPH

241
Q

What happens in light-independent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar via Calvin-Benson cycle

242
Q

What is a photosystem made of?

A

Chlorophyll and other proteins

243
Q

What are used to reduce CO2 to sugar via the Calvin-Benson cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

244
Q

What is cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Return of electrons released from chlorophyll in photosystem 1 back into chlorophyll

245
Q

During this process, the electrons released from chlorophyll in photosystem 1 eventually return to chlorophyll

A

Cyclic photophosphorylation

246
Q

During this process, both photosystems are required and electrons do not return to chlorophyll, but become incorporated into NADH

A

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

247
Q

What type of organisms use non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Oxygenic organisms

248
Q

Where do electrons from chlorophyll end up in cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Chlorophyll

249
Q

Where do electrons from chlorophyll end up in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

NADH

250
Q

What do phototrophs use to drive ATP production?

A

Light

251
Q

What do photoautotrophs do?

A

Use energy initially obtained from light to fix CO2 to sugar during Calvin-Benson cycle

252
Q

What do photoheterotrophs use as a source of carbon?

A

Organic compounds

253
Q

These use light energy to drive ATP production

A

Phototrophs

254
Q

These use energy obtained initially from light in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar

A

Photoautotrophs

255
Q

These use organic compounds as a source of carbon

A

Photoheterotrophs

256
Q

Are photoheterotrophs anoxygenic?

A

Yes

257
Q

What do chemoautotrophs get energy from?

A

Inorganic chemicals

258
Q

What do chemoautotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

CO2

259
Q

What do chemoautotrophs use energy to do in the Calvin-Benson cycle?

A

Fix CO2

260
Q

These obtain energy from inorganic chemicals

A

Chemoautotrophs

261
Q

These use CO2 as carbon source

A

Chemoautotrophs

262
Q

Energy is used to fix CO2 during this process

A

Calvin-Benson cycle

263
Q

What to chemoheterotrophs obtain from organic chemicals?

A

Carbon and energy

264
Q

Are chemoheterotrophs medically and economically important?

A

Yes

265
Q

These obtain energy and carbon from organic chemicals

A

Chemoheterotrophs

266
Q

What are amphibolic pathways?

A

Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism

267
Q

What role do amphibolic pathways play?

A

Amphibolic pathways bridge the reactions that lead to the breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

268
Q

These are metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism

A

Amphibolic pathways

269
Q

Do many pathways function simultaneously with common intermediates?

A

Yes

270
Q

These pathways bridge reactions leading to breakdown/synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

A

Amphibolic pathways

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