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microbiology ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Bacterial contamination

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2
Q

What is asepsis?

A

Absence of significant contamination

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3
Q

What do aseptic surgery techniques do?

A

Prevent the microbial contamination of wounds

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4
Q

This is a term for bacterial contamination

A

Sepsis

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5
Q

This is the absence of significant contamination

A

Asepsis

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6
Q

These prevent the microbial contamination of wounds

A

Aseptic surgery techniques

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7
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Removing and destroying all microbial life

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8
Q

What is an example of commercial sterilization?

A

Killing Clostridium botulinum endospores from canned goods

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9
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Destroying harmful microorganisms

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10
Q

What is antisepsis?

A

Destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue

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11
Q

What is degerming?

A

The mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area

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12
Q

What is sanitization?

A

Lowering microbial counts to safe levels

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13
Q

What is biocide (germicide)?

A

Treatment that kills microbes

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14
Q

What is bacteriostasis?

A

Inhibiting microbe growth

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15
Q

Does bacteriostasis kill microbes?

A

No

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16
Q

This is removing and destroying all microbial life

A

Sterilization

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17
Q

An example of this is the killing of Clostridium botulinum endospores from canned goods

A

Commercial sterilization

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18
Q

This is destroying harmful microorganisms

A

Disinfection

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19
Q

This is destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue

A

Antisepsis

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20
Q

This is the mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area

A

Degerming

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21
Q

This is lowering microbial counts to safe levels on eating utensils

A

Sanitization

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22
Q

These are treatments that kill microbes

A

Germicides (biocides)

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23
Q

This is the inhibition, but not killing, of microbes

A

Bacteriostasis

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24
Q

What are four factors in the effectiveness of microbe control?

A

Number of microbes; environment; exposure time; microbial characteristics

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25
Q

Do most microbial controls work better in cold conditions?

A

No

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26
Q

Do resistant microbes/endospores require more time to kill?

A

Yes

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27
Q

The number of microbes, environmental conditions, time of exposure, and microbial characteristics all influence this

A

Effectiveness of microbial control efforts

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28
Q

What are the 3 main ways of killing/inhibiting microbes?

A

Altering membrane permeability; damaging proteins (enzymes); damaging nucleic acids

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29
Q

How does altering membrane permeability kill/inhibit microbes?

A

Damage to lipids/proteins of plasma membrane causes cellular contents to leak and interferes with cell growth

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30
Q

How does damaging a microbes’ proteins/enzymes kill/inhibit it?

A

Chemicals disrupt the bonds that maintain the three-dimensional shape of proteins/enzymes

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31
Q

How does damaging nucleic acids kill/inhibit microbes?

A

Damage from heat, radiation, or chemicals can affect cell’s ability to replicate and carry out normal metabolic functions

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32
Q

What does heat do to enzymes?

A

Denatures them

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33
Q

What is the thermal death point (TDP)?

A

The lowest temperature at which all cells in a liquid culture are killed in 10 minutes

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34
Q

What is the thermal death time (TDT)?

A

The minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid culture to be killed at a particular temperature

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35
Q

This denatures enzymes

A

Heat

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36
Q

This is the lowest temperature at which all cells in a liquid culture are killed in 10 minutes

A

Thermal death point (TDP)

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37
Q

This is the minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid culture to be killed at a particular temperature

A

Thermal death time (TDT)

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38
Q

What is decimal reduction time (DRT)?

A

Time to kill 90% of a specific population of bacteria at a given temperature

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39
Q

This is the time it takes to kill 90% of a specific population of bacteria at a given temperature

A

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

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40
Q

What does moist heat sterilization do to proteins?

A

Denatures and coagulates

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41
Q

What are two types of moist heat sterilization?

A

Boiling and free-flowing steam

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42
Q

This type of sterilization denatures and coagulates proteins

A

Moist heat sterilization

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43
Q

Boiling and free-flowing steam are two methods of this type of sterilization

A

Moist heat sterilization

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44
Q

What does an autoclave use to sterilize equipment?

A

Steam under pressure

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45
Q

What are typical autoclave conditions?

A

121 degrees at 15 psi for 15 minutes

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46
Q

Does an autoclave kill endospores?

A

Yes

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47
Q

What must steam do in an autoclave to be effective?

A

Contact the item’s surface

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48
Q

What are used to indicate sterility when using an autoclave?

A

Test strips

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49
Q

Do large containers require shorter sterilization times in an autoclave?

A

No

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50
Q

What sterilization method uses steam under pressure?

A

Autoclave

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51
Q

In this sterilization method, pressurized steam kills all organisms and endospores

A

Autoclave

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52
Q

This sterilization method uses test strips to indicate sterility

A

Autoclave

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53
Q

In this sterilization method, smaller containers require shorter sterilization times

A

Autoclave

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54
Q

What does pasteurization involve?

A

High heat for a short time

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55
Q

What is a typical set of conditions for pasteurization?

A

72 degrees for 15 seconds

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56
Q

What organisms can survive high heat?

A

Thermoduric

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57
Q

This sterilization method uses high heat for short intervals to reduce spoilage organisms and pathogens

A

High-temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization

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58
Q

Thermoduric organisms can survive this

A

High heat

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59
Q

What are three methods of dry heat sterilization?

A

Flaming, incineration, and hot-air sterilization

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60
Q

What kills microbes in dry heat sterilization?

A

Oxidation

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61
Q

Flaming, incineration, and hot-air sterilization are three forms of this type of sterilization

A

Dry heat sterilization

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62
Q

This type of sterilization kills microbes by oxidation

A

Dry heat sterilization

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63
Q

This type of sterilization passes substances through a screenlike material

A

Filtration

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64
Q

What type of materials is the filtration method of sterilization used for?

A

Heat-sensitive materials

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65
Q

What size of microbes do high-efficiency particular air (HEPA) filters remove?

A

> 0.3 um in diameter

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66
Q

What size of microbes do membrane filters remove?

A

> 0.22 um

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67
Q

What are the smallest pore sizes available of microbe filtration?

A

0.01 um

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68
Q

What can 0.01 um filtration remove?

A

Viruses and large proteins

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69
Q

This sterilization method is used for heat-sensitive materials

A

Filtration

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70
Q

These can remove microbes >0.3 um in diameter

A

High-efficiency particular air (HEPA) filters

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71
Q

These can remove microbes >0.22 um in diameter

A

Membrane filters

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72
Q

Viruses and large proteins can be filtered through this pore size

A

0.01 um

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73
Q

What are three methods of low temperature microbial control?

A

Refrigeration, deep-freezing, and lyophilization (freeze-drying)

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74
Q

How does high pressure control microbes?

A

By denaturing proteins

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75
Q

How does desiccation control microbes?

A

The absence of water prevents metabolism

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76
Q

How does osmotic pressure control microbes?

A

Creates a hypertonic environment and plasmolysis

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77
Q

What effect does low temperature have on microbes?

A

Bacteriostatic effect

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78
Q

Which physical method of microbial control denatures proteins?

A

High pressure

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79
Q

Which physical method of microbial control prevents metabolism?

A

Desiccation

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80
Q

Which physical method of microbial control uses high concentrations of salts/sugars?

A

Osmotic pressure

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81
Q

Which physical method of microbial control creates a hypertonic environment and causes plasmolysis?

A

Osmotic pressure

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82
Q

What are three forms of radiation as microbial control?

A

Ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, and microwaves

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83
Q

How does ionizing radiation kill microbes?

A

Creates reactive hydroxyl radicals and causes lethal mutations in DNA

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84
Q

How does nonionizing radiation kill microbes?

A

By creating thymine dimers in DNA

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85
Q

How do microwaves kill microbes?

A

By heat

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86
Q

This method of radiation microbe control damages DNA by causing lethal mutations

A

Ionizing radiation

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87
Q

What are three types of ionizing radiation used to kill microbes?

A

X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams

88
Q

This method of radiation microbe control damages DNA by creating thymine dimers

A

Nonionizing radiation

89
Q

What type of nonionizing radiation is used to kill microbes?

A

Ultraviolet (260nm)

90
Q

This type of radiation microbe control kills by heat and is not especially antimicrobial

A

Microwave

91
Q

What are four factors in effective disinfection?

A

Concentration of disinfectant, presence of organic matter, pH, and time

92
Q

How does organic matter affect disinfection?

A

By interfering with the mechanism of action

93
Q

Does pH have a great effect on disinfectant’s activity?

A

Yes

94
Q

Is effectiveness of a disinfectant unrelated to its concentration?

A

No

95
Q

Can organic material interfere with a disinfectant?

A

Yes

96
Q

Is time a factor in disinfection?

A

Yes

97
Q

What are two methods to evaluate a disinfectant?

A

Use-dilution test and disk-diffusion method

98
Q

What does the use-dilution test for evaluating disinfectant involve?

A

Dipping metal cylinders in test bacteria and drying, then placing in disinfectant and transferring to culture media

99
Q

In this disinfectant evaluation method, metal cylinders are dipped in bacteria then disinfected then transferred to culture media to determine whether bacteria survived treatment

A

Use-dilution test

100
Q

What does the disk-diffusion method of evaluating disinfectant involve?

A

Soaking filter paper disks in a chemical and placing on a culture

101
Q

In the disk-diffusion of evaluating disinfectant, what indicates an effective disinfectant?

A

Zone of inhibition around filter paper disk

102
Q

What does the disk-diffusion method evaluate?

A

The efficacy of chemical disinfecting agents

103
Q

In this method of disinfectant evaluation, filter paper disk are soaked in a chemical and placed on a culture medium

A

Disk-diffusion method

104
Q

In the disk-diffusion method of disinfectant evaluation, does a smaller zone of inhibition indicate a more effective disinfectant?

A

No

105
Q

How do phenols and phenolics control microbes?

A

By injuring lipids of plasma membranes, causing leakage

106
Q

These chemicals kill microbes by injuring the plasma membrane and causing leakage

A

Phenols and phenolics

107
Q

How are bisphenols structured?

A

Two phenol groups connected by a bridge

108
Q

What are two examples of bisphenols?

A

Hexachlorophene and triclosan

109
Q

How do bisphenols work?

A

By disrupting plasma membranes

110
Q

These chemical disinfectants contain two phenol groups connected by a bridge

A

Bisphenols

111
Q

Hexachlorophene and triclosan are two examples of this group of chemical disinfectants

A

Bisphenols

112
Q

How do biguanides work?

A

By disrupting plasma membranes, especially in gram-positive bacteria

113
Q

What are biguanides used in?

A

Surgical hand scrubs

114
Q

What is an example of a biguanide?

A

Chlorhexidine

115
Q

These chemical disinfectants include chlorhexidine and are used in surgical hand scrubs

A

Biguanides

116
Q

This group of chemical disinfectants disrupts plasma membranes, and is especially effective against gram-positive bacteria

A

Biguanides

117
Q

What are essential oils?

A

Mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from plants

118
Q

What have essential oils been used for historically?

A

Traditional medicine and food preservation

119
Q

What is the microbial action of essential oils due to?

A

Phenolic and terpenes

120
Q

Are essential oils stronger against gram-positive or negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

121
Q

Have essential oils been studied for effectiveness against viruses?

A

No

122
Q

These are mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from plants

A

Essential oils

123
Q

These have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and for preserving food

A

Essential oils

124
Q

The microbial action of these is primarily due to phenolics and terpenes

A

Essential oils

125
Q

These are stronger against gram-positive bacteria and have not yet been studied for their effectiveness against viruses

A

Essential oils

126
Q

What are two halogens used in disinfectants?

A

Iodine and chlorine

127
Q

What is an iodine tincture?

A

Solution in aqueous alcohol

128
Q

What is iodophor?

A

Iodine combined with organic molecules for slow release

129
Q

How do iodine disinfectants work?

A

By impairing protein synthesis and altering membranes

130
Q

How do chlorine disinfectants work?

A

They are oxidizing agents that shut down cellular enzyme systems

131
Q

What is chloramine?

A

Chlorine and ammonia

132
Q

This is a solution of iodine in aqueous alcohol

A

Tincture

133
Q

This is iodine combined with organic molecules for the slow release of iodine

A

Iodophor

134
Q

This halogen impairs protein synthesis and alters membranes

A

Iodine

135
Q

This halogen is an oxidizing agent

A

Chlorine

136
Q

This halogen shuts down cellular enzyme systems

A

Chlorine

137
Q

What is bleach?

A

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl)

138
Q

What is chlorine + ammonia?

A

Chloramine

139
Q

What is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) also known as?

A

Bleach

140
Q

How do alcohols work as disinfectants?

A

Denature proteins and dissolve lipids

141
Q

Can alcohols kill endospores?

A

No

142
Q

Can alcohols kill enveloped viruses?

A

Yes

143
Q

Can alcohols kill nonenveloped viruses?

A

No

144
Q

What are two examples alcohols used as disinfectants?

A

Ethanol and isopropanol

145
Q

Do ethanol and isopropanol require water to be more effective?

A

Yes

146
Q

These disinfectants denature proteins, dissolve lipids, and require water to be more effective

A

Alcohols

147
Q

These disinfectants have no effect on endospores and nonenveloped viruses

A

Alcohols

148
Q

What does having oligodynamic action mean?

A

Very small amounts exert antimicrobial activity

149
Q

How do heavy metals and their compounds work as disinfectants?

A

Denature proteins

150
Q

What are four examples of heavy metals used as disinfectants?

A

Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn

151
Q

What is silver nitrate used for?

A

Preventing opthalmia neonatorum

152
Q

What is mercuric chloride used for?

A

Preventing mildew in paint

153
Q

What is copper sulfate used for?

A

Algicide

154
Q

What is zinc chloride used in?

A

Mouthwash

155
Q

These disinfectants have oligodynamic action and denature proteins

A

Heavy metals and their compounds

156
Q

This heavy metal disinfectant is used to prevent opthalmia neonatorum

A

Silver nitrate

157
Q

This heavy metal disinfectant is added to paint to prevent mildew

A

Mercuric chloride

158
Q

This heavy metal disinfectant is an algicide

A

Copper sulfate

159
Q

This heavy metal disinfectant is found in mouthwash

A

Zinc chloride

160
Q

How do surface-active agents work?

A

Decrease surface tension among molecules of liquid

161
Q

What are the most common surface-active agents?

A

Soaps and detergents

162
Q

What two properties does soap have as a disinfectant?

A

Degerming and emulsification

163
Q

How do acid-anionic sanitizers work?

A

Anions react with plasma membrane

164
Q

How do quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) work?

A

Cations are bactericidal, denature proteins, and disrupt plasma membrane

165
Q

This group of disinfectants decrease surface tension among liquid molecules; the most common are soaps and detergents

A

Surface-active agents

166
Q

This type of surface-active agent degerms and emulsifies

A

Soap

167
Q

This type of surface-active agent has anions that react with the plasma membrane

A

Acid-anionic sanitizer

168
Q

These surface-active agents have bactericidal cations, denature proteins, and disrupt plasma membranes

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

169
Q

What is sulfur dioxide used for?

A

Preventing wine spoilage

170
Q

What three chemical food preservatives prevent molds in acidic foods?

A

Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium propionate

171
Q

Can our bodies easily metabolize chemical food preservatives?

A

Yes

172
Q

How do nitrites and nitrates work in food preservation?

A

Preventing endospore germination

173
Q

This chemical prevents wine spoilage

A

Sulfur dioxide

174
Q

These are used for preserving specimens and in medical equipment

A

Aldehydes

175
Q

These inhibit microbe metabolism, but our bodies easily metabolize them

A

Chemical food preservatives

176
Q

These prevent endospore germination in foods

A

Nitrites and nitrates

177
Q

What are bacteriocins?

A

Proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another

178
Q

What are two antibiotics used to prevent cheese spoilage?

A

Nisin and natamycin (pimaricin)

179
Q

These are proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another

A

Bacteriocins

180
Q

These are two antibiotics that prevent the spoilage of cheese

A

Nisin and natamycin (pimaricin)

181
Q

How do aldehydes work?

A

Inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional groups

182
Q

What are aldehydes used for?

A

Preserving specimens and in medical equipment

183
Q

What are two examples of aldehydes

A

Formaldehyde and ortho-phthalaldehyde

184
Q

What is one of the few liquid chemical sterilizing agents?

A

Glutaraldehyde

185
Q

These inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional groups

A

Aldehydes

186
Q

This is one of the few liquid chemical sterilizing agents

A

Glutaraldehyde

187
Q

These include formaldehyde and ortho-phthalaldehyde

A

Aldehydes

188
Q

How does chemical sterilization work?

A

Gaseous sterilant causes alkylation and cross-links nucleic acids and proteins

189
Q

What is alkylation?

A

Replacing hydrogen atoms of a chemical group with a free radical

190
Q

What is chemical sterilization used for?

A

Heat-sensitive material

191
Q

This process involves a gaseous sterilant causing alkylation and cross-linking nucleic acids and proteins

A

Chemical sterilization

192
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fourth state of matter consisting of electrically excited gas

193
Q

How does plasma work as a disinfectant?

A

Free radicals destroy microbes

194
Q

What is plasma sterilization used to disinfect?

A

Tubular instruments

195
Q

This is the fourth state of matter and consists of electrically excited gas

A

Plasma

196
Q

This involves free radicals destroying microbes and is used for tubular instruments

A

Plasma sterilization

197
Q

What is the process of supercritical fluids sterilization?

A

Substances are passed through a screenlike material

198
Q

What type of materials are supercritical fluids used to disinfect?

A

Heat-sensitive materials

199
Q

Does supercritical fluid sterilization combine chemical and physical methods?

A

Yes

200
Q

This sterilization method compressed CO2, resulting in gaseous and liquid properties

A

Supercritical fluid sterilization

201
Q

This sterilization method is used for medical implants

A

Supercritical fluid sterilization

202
Q

In this sterilization method, chemical and physical methods are combined and substances are passed through a screenlike material

A

Supercritical fluid sterilization

203
Q

What are peroxygens and other forms of oxygen used to sterilized?

A

Contaminated surfaces and food packaging

204
Q

How do peroxygens/other oxygen forms work?

A

By ionizing water to create reactive hydroxyl radicals

205
Q

What are three types of reactive hydroxyl radicals?

A

O3, H2O2, and peracetic acids (PAA)

206
Q

What is PAA effective at killing?

A

Endospores

207
Q

These are oxidizing agents that are used to sterilize contaminated surfaces and food packaging

A

Peroxygens and other forms of oxygen

208
Q

Are peroxygens and other forms of oxygen oxidizing agents?

A

Yes

209
Q

These chemical disinfectants ionize water to create reactive hydroxyl radicals O3, H2O2 and peracetic acid (PAA)

A

Peroxygens and other forms of oxygen

210
Q

This reactive hydroxyl radical is effective on endospores

A

Peracetic acid (PAA)

211
Q

Do biocides tend to be more effective against gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

212
Q

Mycobacteria, endospores, and protozoans’ cysts and oocytes are very resistant to these

A

Disinfectants and antiseptics

213
Q

Are nonenveloped viruses generally more resistant than enveloped viruses?

A

Yes

214
Q

Are prions resistant?

A

Yes

215
Q

These four types of microbes are very resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics

A

Mycobacteria, endospores, protozoan cysts and oocytes

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