microbiology ch 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Do prokaryotes have one circular chromosome?
A
Yes
2
Q
Do prokaryotes have histones?
A
No
3
Q
Do prokaryotes have organelles?
A
No
4
Q
What type of cell wall do bacteria have?
A
Peptidoglycan cell walls
5
Q
What type of cell wall to Archaea have?
A
Pseudomurein cell walls
6
Q
How do prokaryotes divide?
A
By binary fission
7
Q
Do eukaryotes have paired chromosomes?
A
Yes
8
Q
Are eukaryote chromosomes in a membrane?
A
Yes
9
Q
Do eukaryotes have histones?
A
Yes
10
Q
Do eukaryotes have organelles?
A
Yes
11
Q
Can eukaryotes have polysaccharide cell walls?
A
Yes
12
Q
How do eukaryotes divide?
A
By mitosis
13
Q
Do eukaryotes have a circular chromosome?
A
No
14
Q
Are prokaryote chromosomes located in a membrane?
A
No
15
Q
Do prokaryotes divide by mitosis?
A
No
16
Q
What is the average length of bacterial cells?
A
2 to 8 um
17
Q
What is the average diameter of bacterial cells?
A
0.2 to 2.0 um
18
Q
Are most bacteria monomorphic?
A
Yes
19
Q
What does monomorphic mean?
A
Single-shape
20
Q
What does pleomorphic mean?
A
Many shapes
21
Q
What shape is a coccus bacteria?
A
Round
22
Q
What shape is a vibrio bacteria?
A
Comma shaped
23
Q
What shape is a bacillus bacteria?
A
Pill-shaped
24
Q
What shape is a spirillium bacteria?
A
Corkscrew shape
25
What shape is a spirochete bacteria?
Corkscrew shape with axial filament
26
What are the 5 general bacteria shapes?
Bacillus, coccus, star-shaped, rectangular, and spiral
27
What are the three types of spiral bacteria shapes?
Vibrio, spirillium and spirochete
28
What are the 5 arrangements of bacterial cells?
Pairs, clusters, chains, groups of four, and cubelike groups of eight
29
What shape and arrangement is Bacillus?
Bacillus (pill shape) and chain
30
What is the glycocalyx?
Sugar coat
31
How is the glycocalyx characterized?
Viscous and gelatinous
32
What substances is the glycocalyx made of?
Polysaccharide and/or polypeptide
33
What are the two types of glycocalyx?
Capsule and slime layer
34
Which type of glycocalyx is neatly organized and firmly attached to cell wall?
Capsule
35
Which type of glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall?
Slime layer
36
What is the sugar coat of bacteria called?
Glycocalyx
37
This type of glycocalyx is neatly organized
Capsule
38
This type of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the cell wall
Slime layer
39
This type of glycocalyx is unorganized
Slime layer
40
This type of glycocalyx is neatly organized
Capsule
41
Does the glycocalyx affect the virulence of a pathogen?
Yes
42
Do capsules prevent phagocytosis?
Yes
43
How does a capsule help the cell?
By forming biofilm, protecting cell, and facilitating communication
44
These are filamentous appendages external to the cell
Flagella
45
What are flagella made of?
Flagellin
46
What is flagellin?
A protein used to make flagella
47
What are the three parts of flagella?
Filament, hook, and basal body
48
Which part of flagella is outermost?
Filament
49
To what flagella part does the filament attach?
Hook
50
Which flagella part consists of a rod and pairs of rings?
Basal body
51
Which flagella part anchors flagellum to the cell and membrane?
Basal body
52
What movements result from flagella rotation?
Runs and tumbles
53
Which direction are flagella runs?
Counterclockwise
54
Which direction are flagella tumbles?
Clockwise
55
What are archaella?
Archaeal motility structures
56
What are archaellins made of?
Archaellin glycoproteins
57
These are similar structures to flagella found in archaea
Archaella
58
Are archaella anchored to the cell?
Yes
59
Are flagella anchored directly to the cell?
No
60
What are also known as endoflagella?
Axial filaments
61
What shape of bacteria are endoflagella (aka axial filaments) found in?
Spirochetes
62
Are endoflagella/axial filaments anchored at one end of the cell?
Yes
63
What kind of movement does endoflagella rotation produce?
Corkscrew motion
64
Spirochetes have this type of flagella
Endoflagella/axial filaments
65
These rotate to give cell corkscrew motion
Endoflagella/axial filaments
66
What protein makes up fimbriae and pili?
Pilin
67
What are fimbriae?
Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
68
How many fimbriae can exist on a cell?
From a few to hundreds
69
These are hairlike appendages that allow for attachment and can number from a few to hundreds
Fimbriae
70
What two motility types are pili responsible for?
Gliding and twitching
71
How many pili can a cell have?
One or two
72
Are pili longer than fimbriae?
Yes
73
What type of pili are used in DNA transfer between cells?
Conjugation pili
74
These are involved in gliding and twitching motility
Pili
75
A cell can only have one or two of these long motility appendages
Pili
76
These appendages are used for DNA transfer from one cell to another
Conjugation pili
77
What structure prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane?
Cell wall
78
Can cell walls contribute to pathogenicity?
Yes
79
This cell structure is the site of action of some antibiotics and is used to differentiate types of bacteria
Cell wall
80
These prevent osmotic lysis and can contribute to pathogenicity
Cell walls
81
Is peptidoglycan a polymer?
Yes
82
What two rows repeat in peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramicacid (NAM)
83
How are peptidoglycan rows linked?
By polypeptide
84
What is made up of repeating rows of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramicacid?
Peptidoglycan
85
What do gram-positive cell walls contain?
Thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
86
What three substances characterize teichoic acids?
Lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid, and a negative charge
87
What do lipoteichoic acids do?
Link cell wall to plasma membrane
88
What do wall teichoic acids link?
Peptidoglycan
89
What two substances provide antigenic specificity?
Polysaccharides and teichoic acids
90
What three components make up the structure of gram-negative cell walls?
Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, and periplasmic space
91
What three substances does the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls contain?
Polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
92
What does the periplasmic space contain?
Peptidoglycan
93
What proteins form channels through the membrane?
Porins
94
What is Lipid A?
An endotoxin embedded in top layer of gram-negative cell walls
95
Lipopolysaccharides make up which type of cell walls?
Gram-negative cell walls
96
This functions as an antigen in gram-negative cell walls
O polysaccharide
97
What do core polysaccharides do?
Provide stability
98
What do porins do?
Form channels through membrane
99
What dye forms crystals inside cells?
Crystal violet-iodine
100
What is the mechanism that takes place during gram-positive staining?
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan and CV-I crystals do not leave
101
What three step mechanism takes place during gram-negative staining?
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane, leaving holes in peptidoglycan; CV-I washes out and cells are colorless; safranin added to stain cells
102
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan in which type of staining?
Gram-positive
103
Safranin is added in which type of staining?
Gram-negative
104
How many rings are in the basal body of a gram-positive bacteria's flagella?
2
105
This cell wall type produces exotoxins
Gram-positive cell wall
106
This cell wall type is highly susceptible to penicillin
Gram-positive cell wall
107
This cell wall type is disrupted by lysozymes
Gram-positive cell wall
108
This cell wall type has 2 rings in the basal body of its flagella
Gram-positive cell wall
109
What type of toxins do gram-positive cell walls produce?
Exotoxins
110
What type of antibiotic are gram-positive cell walls susceptible to?
Penicillin
111
What disrupts gram-positive cell walls?
Lysozymes
112
This cell wall type has 4 rings in the basal body of its flagella
Gram-negative cell wall
113
What toxins do gram-negative cell walls produce?
Endotoxins and exotoxins
114
Do gram-negative cell walls have a high susceptibility to penicillin?
No
115
How many rings are there in the basal body of gram-negative flagella?
4
116
This type of cell wall produces endotoxins and exotoxins
Gram-negative cell wall
117
This type of cell wall has low susceptibility to penicillin
Gram-negative cell wall
118
Do gram-negative cell walls only produce endotoxins?
No
119
Acid-fast cell walls are similar to what other type of cell wall?
Gram-positive
120
What substances do acid-fast cell walls have surrounding them?
Mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan
121
What is mycolic acid?
A waxy lipid that binds to peptidoglycan in acid-fast cell walls
122
Myobacterium and Nocardia are two examples of what type of cell wall?
Acid-fast cell walls
123
What is used to stain acid-fast cell walls?
Carbolfuchsin
124
This type of cell wall is similar to gram-positive cell walls
Acid-fast cell walls
125
This type of cell wall has mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan
Acid-fast cell walls
126
What are two examples of taxa with acid-fast cell walls?
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
127
This type of cell wall is stained with carbolfuchsin
Acid-fast cell walls
128
This is a waxy lipid that binds to peptidoglycan in acid-fast cell walls
Mycolic acid
129
What do mycoplasmas lack?
Cell walls
130
What do mycoplasmas have in their plasma membrane?
Sterols
131
Do Archaea typically have cell walls?
No
132
When Archaea do have cell walls, they are usually made of this
Pseudomurein
133
Archaea pseudomurein cell walls usually lack these two substances
NAM and D-amino acids
134
These lack cell walls
Mycoplasmas
135
These have sterols in their plasma membrane
Mycoplasmas
136
These are typically cell wall-less, or can have walls of pseudomurein
Archaea
137
These have cell walls lacking in NAM and D-amino acids
Archaea
138
What do lysozymes do to cell walls?
Hydrolyze bonds in peptidoglycan
139
What does penicillin do to cell walls?
Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
140
This is a wall-less gram-positive cell
Protoblast
141
This is a wall-less gram-negative cell
Spheroplast
142
Are protoblasts and spheroblasts susceptible to osmotic lysis?
Yes
143
These are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
L forms
144
These hydrolyze bonds in peptidoglycans
Lysozymes
145
This inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
Penicillin
146
What are protoblasts?
Wall-less gram-positive cells
147
What are spheroplasts?
Wall-less gram-negative cells
148
What are L-forms?
Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
149
What are protoblasts and spheroplasts susceptible to?
Osmotic lysis
150
This encloses the cytoplasm as a membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
151
These proteins are located on the membrane surface
Peripheral proteins
152
These two protein types penetrate the membrane
Integral and transmembrane proteins
153
What does the phospholipid bilayer enclose?
Cytoplasm
154
Where are peripheral proteins located?
Membrane surface
155
Where are integral and transmembrane proteins located?
Within/inside membrane
156
In the fluid mosaic model, how viscous is the membrane?
As viscous as olive oil
157
How do proteins move in the fluid mosaic model?
Freely for various functions
158
How do phospholipids move in the fluid mosaic model?
Rotational and lateral
159
Is the membrane self-sealing in the fluid mosaic model?
Yes
160
Is the membrane as viscous as syrup in the fluid mosaic model?
No
161
Do proteins move laterally and rotate in the fluid mosaic model?
No
162
Do phospholipids move laterally and rotate in the fluid mosaic model?
Yes
163
Do proteins move freely in the fluid mosaic model?
Yes
164
Do phospholipids move freely in the fluid mosaic model?
No
165
Is the membrane as viscous as olive oil in the fluid mosaic model?
Yes
166
What feature of the plasma membrane allows for the passage of some molecules, but not others?
Selective permeability
167
The plasma membrane contains enzymes for the production of this
ATP
168
What are photosynthetic pigments that are on some membranes?
Chromatophores
169
What is selective permeability?
Some molecules can pass, but not others
170
What are chromatophores?
Photosynthetic pigments
171
What are three examples of substances that can damage the plasma membrane?
Alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymixin antibiotics
172
Alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymixin antibiotics can all cause this
Leakage of cell contents due to membrane damage
173
What happens in a passive process?
Substances move from high concentrations to low and no energy is expended
174
What happens in an active process?
Substances move from low concentration to high and energy is expended
175
Is energy expended in passive processes?
No
176
Is energy expended in active processes?
Yes
177
Are substances moved from high to low concentrations in passive processes?
Yes
178
Are substances moved from high to low concentrations in active processes?
No
179
Are substances moved from low to high concentrations in passive processes?
No
180
Are substances moved from low to high in active processes?
Yes
181
In these processes, substances are moved from high to low concentrations without an energy expenditure
Passive processes
182
In these processes, substances are moved from low to high concentrations using energy
Active processes
183
What happens in simple diffusion?
Solute moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
184
When does simple diffusion stop?
When molecules reach equilibrium
185
This is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low
Simple diffusion
186
What happens in facilitated diffusion?
Solute combines with transporter protein in the membrane
187
Does facilitated diffusion transfer ions and larger molecules against the concentration gradient?
No
188
This is when the solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane to be transported with the concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
189
Does facilitated diffusion transfer ions/molecules with the concentration gradient?
Yes
190
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
191
Through what channels does osmosis happen?
Aquaporins
192
What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower?
Osmosis
193
These are channels that allow water to pass through the lipid layer
Aquaporins
194
What is omosis pressure?
The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
195
This is needed to stop the movement of water across membrane
Osmosis pressure
196
What are the conditions of an isotonic solution?
Solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell; water is at equilibrium
197
What are the conditions of a hypotonic solution?
Solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell
198
What are the conditions of a hypertonic solution?
Solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell
199
In this type of solution, solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell and water is at equilibrium
Isotonic solution
200
In this type of solution, the solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell and water moves into the cell
Hypotonic solution
201
In this type of solution, solute concentrations are higher outside of the cell than inside and water moves out of the cell
Hypertonic solution
202
What is required for active transport?
Transporter protein and ATP
203
Does active transport go against the gradient?
Yes
204
What does group translocation require?
Transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP)
205
Are substances altered crossing the membrane in group translocation?
Yes
206
This requires a transporter protein and ATP and goes against the gradient
Active transport
207
This requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), and the substance is altered as it crosses membrane
Group translocation
208
This type of active process carries one specific ion or molecule
Uniport
209
This type of active process carries two different ions/molecules, but in different directions
Antiport
210
This type of active process carries two different ions/molecules, both in same direction
Symport
211
Do uniports carry only one specific type of ion/molecule?
Yes
212
Do symports carry only one specific type of ion/molecule?
No
213
Do antiports carry two different ions/molecules?
Yes
214
Do symports carry ions/molecules in same direction?
Yes
215
Do antiports carry ions/molecules in different direction?
Yes
216
Do uniports carry ions/ molecules in same direction?
No
217
What is cytoplasm?
The substance inside the plasma membrane
218
What is cytoplasm's makeup?
80% water, plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and ions
219
What is the series of fibers found in the cytoplasm?
Cytoskeleton
220
This is the substance inside the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
221
What is made up of 80% water as well as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ions?
Cytoplasm
222
What is a series of fibers found in the cytoplasm?
Cytoskeleton
223
What shape are bacterial chromosomes?
Circular
224
What are plasmids?
Extra-chromosomal genetic elements that carry non-crucial genes such as antibiotic resistance and toxin production
225
Are bacterial chromosomes linear?
No
226
These are non-chromosomes that carry genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production
Plasmids
227
These are the sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
228
What are ribosomes made of?
Protein and ribosomal RNA
229
What two subunits make up a ribosome?
30S (small subunit) and 50S (large subunit)
230
What do ribosomes do?
Synthesize proteins
231
These are made up of protein and ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes
232
Are ribosomes made up of 80S and 20S subunits?
No
233
These inclusion bodies are phosphate reserves that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
234
These inclusion bodies are energy reserves of glycogen and starch
Polysaccharide granules
235
These two types of inclusion bodies serve as energy reserves
Lipid inclusions and sulfur granules
236
These inclusion bodies contain RuBisCO for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis
Carboxysomes
237
These inclusion bodies are protein-covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy
Gas vacuoles
238
These inclusion bodies have iron oxide and destroy H2O2
Magnetosomes
239
What are metachromatic granules (volutin)?
Inclusion bodies with phosphate reserves used in synthesis of ATP
240
What are polysaccharide granules?
Inclusion bodies with energy reserves of glycogen and starch
241
What are lipid inclusions and sulfur granules?
Inclusion bodies that function as energy reserves
242
What are carboxysomes?
Inclusion bodies with RuBisCO for CO2 fixation
243
What are gas vacuoles?
Protein-covered cylinder inclusion bodies that maintain buoyancy
244
What are magnetosomes?
Iron oxide inclusion bodies that destroy hydrogen peroxide
245
What are endospores?
Resting cells produced when nutrients are depleted that resistant to dessication, heat, chemicals, and radiation
246
What groups produce endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
247
What is sporulation?
Endospore formation
248
What is germination?
When endospores return to a vegetative state
249
These are produced when nutrients are depleted
Endospores
250
These are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation
Endospores
251
What is endospore formation called?
Sporulation
252
What is it called when endospores return to their vegetative state?
Germination
253
What are projections used for locomotion or moving substances along cell surface?
Flagella/cilia
254
What contain cytoplasm and are enclosed by the plasma membrane?
Flagella/cili
255
Which projection type is long and few in number?
Flagella
256
Which projection type is short and numerous?
Cilia
257
Are cilia made of tubulin microtubules?
Yes
258
Are flagella made of tubulin microtubules?
Yes
259
Are both cilia and flagella anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body?
Yes
260
What is a 9 + 2 array?
The organizational pattern of microtubules in a cilia/flagella
261
These are long, hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin
Microtubules
262
This anchors the cilia/flagella to the plasma membrane
Basal body
263
These are organized in a ring of 9 pairs with another 2 in the center
Microtubules
264
This describes the arrangement pattern of microtubules in a cilia/flagella
9 + 2 array
265
Plant, algal and fungal cells all have one of these made of carbohydrates
Cell wall
266
Plant cell walls contain this carbohydrate
Cellulose
267
Fungal cell walls contain this carbohydrate
Chitin
268
Yeast cell walls contain these two carbohydrates
Glucan and mannan
269
What is the flexible outer protein covering of protozoans called?
Pellicle
270
Cellulose makes up the cell walls of these
Plants
271
Chitin makes up the cell walls of these
Fungi
272
Glucan and mannan make up the cell walls of these
Yeasts
273
What is a pellicle?
Flexible outer protein covering
274
What type of organisms have a pellicle?
Protozoans
275
Do plants, algae, fungi, or protozoans have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
No
276
What is the glycocalyx?
Carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane
277
What type of organisms have glycocalyx on their cells?
Animals
278
What are the three functions of the glycocalyx?
Strengthen the cell surface; help attach cells together; cell-cell recognition
279
This is a layer of carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
280
Do algae cells have a glycocalyx?
No
281
Do fungal cells have a glycocalyx?
No
282
Do animal cells have a glycocalyx?
Yes
283
Strengthening the cell surface, attaching cells together, and cell-cell recognition are all functions of this
Glycocalyx
284
What are sterols?
Complex lipids associated with the ability of the membrane to resist lysis due to osmotic pressure
285
This is similar in structure to a prokaryotic cell membrane, except it contains sterols and carbohydrates
Plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
286
What two functions are carbohydrates in the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane used for?
Attachment and cell-to-cell recognition
287
Does a plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane have a phospholipid bilayer and integral/peripheral proteins?
Yes
288
Does a prokaryote cell membrane have sterols and carbohydrates?
No
289
These are complex lipids associated with the membrane's ability to resist lysis due to osmotic pressure
Sterols
290
These are located in the plasma membrane for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition purposes
Carbohydrates
291
Does a prokaryotic cell membrane have selective permeability?
Yes
292
Does a plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane have selective permeability?
Yes
293
Can prokaryotic cell membranes do endocytosis?
No
294
Can prokaryotic cell membranes use simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?
Yes
295
What is endocytosis?
A segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and a brings it into the cell
296
This is when a plasma membrane segment surrounds a particle/large molecule, surrounds it, and brings it into the cell
Endocytosis
297
What happens during phagocytosis?
Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
298
What happens during pinocytosis?
Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
299
What happens during receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Substances (ligands) bind the receptors in the membrane, causing the membrane to fold inward
300
Which method can viruses use to enter animal cells?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
301
This is when pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Phagocytosis
302
This is when the membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
Pinocytosis
303
This is when substances (ligands) bind the receptors in the membrane, causing the membrane to fold inward; this is the way viruses can enter animal cells
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
304
What is cytoplasm?
The substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus
305
What is cytosol?
The fluid portion of cytoplasm
306
What is cytoskeleton made of?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
307
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
Movement of cytoplasm throughout a cell
308
What is the substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
309
What is the fluid portion of cytoplasm?
Cytosol
310
What is made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments (rods), and microtubules (cylinders)?
Cytoskeleton
311
What is the movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell?
Cytoplasmic streaming
312
What are rods made of?
Microfilaments and intermediate filaments
313
What are cylinders made of?
Microtubules
314
These are the sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
315
What subunits are eukaryote ribosomes made of?
60S and 40S
316
Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?
Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
317
Where are free ribosomes found?
In cytoplasm
318
These are 80S (70S in chloroplasts/mitochondria)
Ribosomes
319
These are ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane-bound ribosomes
320
These ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm
Free ribosomes
321
This is a double membrane structure that contains the cell's DNA
Nucleus
322
These are tiny channels in the nucleus's membrane that allow communication with the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores
323
What is chromatin formed from?
DNA complexed with histone proteins
324
When does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
During mitosis/meiosis
325
Where are chromosomes found?
In the nucleolus
326
What is the double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope
327
What are nuclear pores?
Tiny channels in the membrane that allow communication with the cytoplasm
328
These are complexed with DNA to form chromatin
Histones
329
During mitosis/meiosis, chromatin condenses into these
Chromosomes
330
What is found in the nucleolus?
Chromosomes
331
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A folded transport network that synthesizes proteins, membranes, fats, and hormones
332
What characterizes the rough ER?
Studded with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis; continuous with nuclear membrane
333
What characterizes the smooth ER?
No ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats and hormones; extends from rough ER
334
This is a folded transport network that synthesizes many products
Endoplasmic reticulum
335
This is studded with ribosomes, produces proteins, and is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Rough ER
336
This has no ribosomes, synthesizes membranes, fats, and hormones, and extends from the rough ER
Smooth ER
337
What is the Golgi complex?
Transport organelle
338
What does the Golgi complex use to transport modified proteins from ER to plasma membrane?
Secretory vesicles
339
What are the major storage vesicles that receive modified proteins from the Golgi complex?
Lysosomes
340
This is a transport organelle that sends modified proteins to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes
Golgi complex
341
What are lysosomes?
Vesicles formed in the Golgi complex that contain digestive enzymes
342
What are vacuoles?
Cell cavities formed from Golgi complex that bring food into cells and provide shape and storage
343
These are vesicles formed in the Golgi complex
Lysosomes
344
These contain digestive enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules and bacteria
Lysosomes
345
These are cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex
Vacuoles
346
These bring food into cells and provide shape and storage
Vacuoles
347
These double-membrane organelles are involved in cellular respiration
Mitochondria
348
What are the inner folds of mitochondria called?
Cristae
349
What is the fluid inside mitochondria called?
Matrix
350
What do mitochondria produce?
ATP
351
Do lysosomes have a double membrane?
No
352
Do mitochondria have a double membrane?
Yes
353
What are cristae?
Inner folds of mitochondria
354
What is the matrix?
Fluid within mitochondria
355
What processes are mitochondria involved in?
Cellular respiration/ATP production
356
These organelles are the locations of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
357
These organelles contain thylakoids
Chloroplasts
358
What do thylakoids contain?
Chlorophyll
359
What shape and arrangement are thylakoids?
Coin shaped and form stacks
360
What are the functions of peroxisomes?
Oxidize fatty acids; destroy toxic substanes (such as H2O2)
361
What are centrosomes?
Networks of protein fibers and centrioles
362
What critical role in cell division do centrosomes fill?
Form the mitotic spindle
363
These organelles oxidize fatty acids and destroy toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
364
These are networks of protein fibers and centrioles that form the mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrosomes
365
When did the first eukaryotes evolve?
2.5 billion years ago
366
When did life arise on Earth?
3.5 to 4 billion years ago
367
What theory explains the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
Endosymbiotic theory
368
What does endosymbiotic theory suppose?
That larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes
369
What did ingested photosynthetic bacteria become, according to endosymbiotic theory?
Chloroplasts
370
What did ingested aerobic bacteria become, according to endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria
371
What is the theory of larger bacteria engulfing smaller ones to develop the first eukaryotes?
Endosymbiotic theory
372
According to endosymbiotic theory, what did mitochondria come from?
Ingested aerobic bacteria
373
According to endosymbiotic theory, what did chloroplasts come from?
Ingested photosynthetic bacteria
