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My Classes > microbiology ch 4 > Flashcards

microbiology ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Do prokaryotes have one circular chromosome?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do prokaryotes have histones?

A

No

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3
Q

Do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

No

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4
Q

What type of cell wall do bacteria have?

A

Peptidoglycan cell walls

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5
Q

What type of cell wall to Archaea have?

A

Pseudomurein cell walls

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6
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

By binary fission

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7
Q

Do eukaryotes have paired chromosomes?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Are eukaryote chromosomes in a membrane?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Do eukaryotes have histones?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do eukaryotes have organelles?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can eukaryotes have polysaccharide cell walls?

A

Yes

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12
Q

How do eukaryotes divide?

A

By mitosis

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13
Q

Do eukaryotes have a circular chromosome?

A

No

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14
Q

Are prokaryote chromosomes located in a membrane?

A

No

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes divide by mitosis?

A

No

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16
Q

What is the average length of bacterial cells?

A

2 to 8 um

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17
Q

What is the average diameter of bacterial cells?

A

0.2 to 2.0 um

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18
Q

Are most bacteria monomorphic?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What does monomorphic mean?

A

Single-shape

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20
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Many shapes

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21
Q

What shape is a coccus bacteria?

A

Round

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22
Q

What shape is a vibrio bacteria?

A

Comma shaped

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23
Q

What shape is a bacillus bacteria?

A

Pill-shaped

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24
Q

What shape is a spirillium bacteria?

A

Corkscrew shape

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25
Q

What shape is a spirochete bacteria?

A

Corkscrew shape with axial filament

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26
Q

What are the 5 general bacteria shapes?

A

Bacillus, coccus, star-shaped, rectangular, and spiral

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27
Q

What are the three types of spiral bacteria shapes?

A

Vibrio, spirillium and spirochete

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28
Q

What are the 5 arrangements of bacterial cells?

A

Pairs, clusters, chains, groups of four, and cubelike groups of eight

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29
Q

What shape and arrangement is Bacillus?

A

Bacillus (pill shape) and chain

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30
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Sugar coat

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31
Q

How is the glycocalyx characterized?

A

Viscous and gelatinous

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32
Q

What substances is the glycocalyx made of?

A

Polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

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33
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A

Capsule and slime layer

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34
Q

Which type of glycocalyx is neatly organized and firmly attached to cell wall?

A

Capsule

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35
Q

Which type of glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall?

A

Slime layer

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36
Q

What is the sugar coat of bacteria called?

A

Glycocalyx

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37
Q

This type of glycocalyx is neatly organized

A

Capsule

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38
Q

This type of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the cell wall

A

Slime layer

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39
Q

This type of glycocalyx is unorganized

A

Slime layer

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40
Q

This type of glycocalyx is neatly organized

A

Capsule

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41
Q

Does the glycocalyx affect the virulence of a pathogen?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Do capsules prevent phagocytosis?

A

Yes

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43
Q

How does a capsule help the cell?

A

By forming biofilm, protecting cell, and facilitating communication

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44
Q

These are filamentous appendages external to the cell

A

Flagella

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45
Q

What are flagella made of?

A

Flagellin

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46
Q

What is flagellin?

A

A protein used to make flagella

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47
Q

What are the three parts of flagella?

A

Filament, hook, and basal body

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48
Q

Which part of flagella is outermost?

A

Filament

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49
Q

To what flagella part does the filament attach?

A

Hook

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50
Q

Which flagella part consists of a rod and pairs of rings?

A

Basal body

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51
Q

Which flagella part anchors flagellum to the cell and membrane?

A

Basal body

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52
Q

What movements result from flagella rotation?

A

Runs and tumbles

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53
Q

Which direction are flagella runs?

A

Counterclockwise

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54
Q

Which direction are flagella tumbles?

A

Clockwise

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55
Q

What are archaella?

A

Archaeal motility structures

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56
Q

What are archaellins made of?

A

Archaellin glycoproteins

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57
Q

These are similar structures to flagella found in archaea

A

Archaella

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58
Q

Are archaella anchored to the cell?

A

Yes

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59
Q

Are flagella anchored directly to the cell?

A

No

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60
Q

What are also known as endoflagella?

A

Axial filaments

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61
Q

What shape of bacteria are endoflagella (aka axial filaments) found in?

A

Spirochetes

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62
Q

Are endoflagella/axial filaments anchored at one end of the cell?

A

Yes

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63
Q

What kind of movement does endoflagella rotation produce?

A

Corkscrew motion

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64
Q

Spirochetes have this type of flagella

A

Endoflagella/axial filaments

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65
Q

These rotate to give cell corkscrew motion

A

Endoflagella/axial filaments

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66
Q

What protein makes up fimbriae and pili?

A

Pilin

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67
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

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68
Q

How many fimbriae can exist on a cell?

A

From a few to hundreds

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69
Q

These are hairlike appendages that allow for attachment and can number from a few to hundreds

A

Fimbriae

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70
Q

What two motility types are pili responsible for?

A

Gliding and twitching

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71
Q

How many pili can a cell have?

A

One or two

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72
Q

Are pili longer than fimbriae?

A

Yes

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73
Q

What type of pili are used in DNA transfer between cells?

A

Conjugation pili

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74
Q

These are involved in gliding and twitching motility

A

Pili

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75
Q

A cell can only have one or two of these long motility appendages

A

Pili

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76
Q

These appendages are used for DNA transfer from one cell to another

A

Conjugation pili

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77
Q

What structure prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane?

A

Cell wall

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78
Q

Can cell walls contribute to pathogenicity?

A

Yes

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79
Q

This cell structure is the site of action of some antibiotics and is used to differentiate types of bacteria

A

Cell wall

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80
Q

These prevent osmotic lysis and can contribute to pathogenicity

A

Cell walls

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81
Q

Is peptidoglycan a polymer?

A

Yes

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82
Q

What two rows repeat in peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramicacid (NAM)

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83
Q

How are peptidoglycan rows linked?

A

By polypeptide

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84
Q

What is made up of repeating rows of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramicacid?

A

Peptidoglycan

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85
Q

What do gram-positive cell walls contain?

A

Thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

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86
Q

What three substances characterize teichoic acids?

A

Lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid, and a negative charge

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87
Q

What do lipoteichoic acids do?

A

Link cell wall to plasma membrane

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88
Q

What do wall teichoic acids link?

A

Peptidoglycan

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89
Q

What two substances provide antigenic specificity?

A

Polysaccharides and teichoic acids

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90
Q

What three components make up the structure of gram-negative cell walls?

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, and periplasmic space

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91
Q

What three substances does the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls contain?

A

Polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

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92
Q

What does the periplasmic space contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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93
Q

What proteins form channels through the membrane?

A

Porins

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94
Q

What is Lipid A?

A

An endotoxin embedded in top layer of gram-negative cell walls

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95
Q

Lipopolysaccharides make up which type of cell walls?

A

Gram-negative cell walls

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96
Q

This functions as an antigen in gram-negative cell walls

A

O polysaccharide

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97
Q

What do core polysaccharides do?

A

Provide stability

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98
Q

What do porins do?

A

Form channels through membrane

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99
Q

What dye forms crystals inside cells?

A

Crystal violet-iodine

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100
Q

What is the mechanism that takes place during gram-positive staining?

A

Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan and CV-I crystals do not leave

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101
Q

What three step mechanism takes place during gram-negative staining?

A

Alcohol dissolves outer membrane, leaving holes in peptidoglycan; CV-I washes out and cells are colorless; safranin added to stain cells

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102
Q

Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan in which type of staining?

A

Gram-positive

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103
Q

Safranin is added in which type of staining?

A

Gram-negative

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104
Q

How many rings are in the basal body of a gram-positive bacteria’s flagella?

A

2

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105
Q

This cell wall type produces exotoxins

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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106
Q

This cell wall type is highly susceptible to penicillin

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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107
Q

This cell wall type is disrupted by lysozymes

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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108
Q

This cell wall type has 2 rings in the basal body of its flagella

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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109
Q

What type of toxins do gram-positive cell walls produce?

A

Exotoxins

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110
Q

What type of antibiotic are gram-positive cell walls susceptible to?

A

Penicillin

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111
Q

What disrupts gram-positive cell walls?

A

Lysozymes

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112
Q

This cell wall type has 4 rings in the basal body of its flagella

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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113
Q

What toxins do gram-negative cell walls produce?

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

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114
Q

Do gram-negative cell walls have a high susceptibility to penicillin?

A

No

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115
Q

How many rings are there in the basal body of gram-negative flagella?

A

4

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116
Q

This type of cell wall produces endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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117
Q

This type of cell wall has low susceptibility to penicillin

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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118
Q

Do gram-negative cell walls only produce endotoxins?

A

No

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119
Q

Acid-fast cell walls are similar to what other type of cell wall?

A

Gram-positive

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120
Q

What substances do acid-fast cell walls have surrounding them?

A

Mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan

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121
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

A waxy lipid that binds to peptidoglycan in acid-fast cell walls

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122
Q

Myobacterium and Nocardia are two examples of what type of cell wall?

A

Acid-fast cell walls

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123
Q

What is used to stain acid-fast cell walls?

A

Carbolfuchsin

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124
Q

This type of cell wall is similar to gram-positive cell walls

A

Acid-fast cell walls

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125
Q

This type of cell wall has mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan

A

Acid-fast cell walls

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126
Q

What are two examples of taxa with acid-fast cell walls?

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

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127
Q

This type of cell wall is stained with carbolfuchsin

A

Acid-fast cell walls

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128
Q

This is a waxy lipid that binds to peptidoglycan in acid-fast cell walls

A

Mycolic acid

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129
Q

What do mycoplasmas lack?

A

Cell walls

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130
Q

What do mycoplasmas have in their plasma membrane?

A

Sterols

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131
Q

Do Archaea typically have cell walls?

A

No

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132
Q

When Archaea do have cell walls, they are usually made of this

A

Pseudomurein

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133
Q

Archaea pseudomurein cell walls usually lack these two substances

A

NAM and D-amino acids

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134
Q

These lack cell walls

A

Mycoplasmas

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135
Q

These have sterols in their plasma membrane

A

Mycoplasmas

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136
Q

These are typically cell wall-less, or can have walls of pseudomurein

A

Archaea

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137
Q

These have cell walls lacking in NAM and D-amino acids

A

Archaea

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138
Q

What do lysozymes do to cell walls?

A

Hydrolyze bonds in peptidoglycan

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139
Q

What does penicillin do to cell walls?

A

Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

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140
Q

This is a wall-less gram-positive cell

A

Protoblast

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141
Q

This is a wall-less gram-negative cell

A

Spheroplast

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142
Q

Are protoblasts and spheroblasts susceptible to osmotic lysis?

A

Yes

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143
Q

These are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

A

L forms

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144
Q

These hydrolyze bonds in peptidoglycans

A

Lysozymes

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145
Q

This inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

A

Penicillin

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146
Q

What are protoblasts?

A

Wall-less gram-positive cells

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147
Q

What are spheroplasts?

A

Wall-less gram-negative cells

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148
Q

What are L-forms?

A

Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

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149
Q

What are protoblasts and spheroplasts susceptible to?

A

Osmotic lysis

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150
Q

This encloses the cytoplasm as a membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

151
Q

These proteins are located on the membrane surface

A

Peripheral proteins

152
Q

These two protein types penetrate the membrane

A

Integral and transmembrane proteins

153
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer enclose?

A

Cytoplasm

154
Q

Where are peripheral proteins located?

A

Membrane surface

155
Q

Where are integral and transmembrane proteins located?

A

Within/inside membrane

156
Q

In the fluid mosaic model, how viscous is the membrane?

A

As viscous as olive oil

157
Q

How do proteins move in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Freely for various functions

158
Q

How do phospholipids move in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Rotational and lateral

159
Q

Is the membrane self-sealing in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Yes

160
Q

Is the membrane as viscous as syrup in the fluid mosaic model?

A

No

161
Q

Do proteins move laterally and rotate in the fluid mosaic model?

A

No

162
Q

Do phospholipids move laterally and rotate in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Yes

163
Q

Do proteins move freely in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Yes

164
Q

Do phospholipids move freely in the fluid mosaic model?

A

No

165
Q

Is the membrane as viscous as olive oil in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Yes

166
Q

What feature of the plasma membrane allows for the passage of some molecules, but not others?

A

Selective permeability

167
Q

The plasma membrane contains enzymes for the production of this

A

ATP

168
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments that are on some membranes?

A

Chromatophores

169
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Some molecules can pass, but not others

170
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

Photosynthetic pigments

171
Q

What are three examples of substances that can damage the plasma membrane?

A

Alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymixin antibiotics

172
Q

Alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymixin antibiotics can all cause this

A

Leakage of cell contents due to membrane damage

173
Q

What happens in a passive process?

A

Substances move from high concentrations to low and no energy is expended

174
Q

What happens in an active process?

A

Substances move from low concentration to high and energy is expended

175
Q

Is energy expended in passive processes?

A

No

176
Q

Is energy expended in active processes?

A

Yes

177
Q

Are substances moved from high to low concentrations in passive processes?

A

Yes

178
Q

Are substances moved from high to low concentrations in active processes?

A

No

179
Q

Are substances moved from low to high concentrations in passive processes?

A

No

180
Q

Are substances moved from low to high in active processes?

A

Yes

181
Q

In these processes, substances are moved from high to low concentrations without an energy expenditure

A

Passive processes

182
Q

In these processes, substances are moved from low to high concentrations using energy

A

Active processes

183
Q

What happens in simple diffusion?

A

Solute moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

184
Q

When does simple diffusion stop?

A

When molecules reach equilibrium

185
Q

This is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low

A

Simple diffusion

186
Q

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

A

Solute combines with transporter protein in the membrane

187
Q

Does facilitated diffusion transfer ions and larger molecules against the concentration gradient?

A

No

188
Q

This is when the solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane to be transported with the concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

189
Q

Does facilitated diffusion transfer ions/molecules with the concentration gradient?

A

Yes

190
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

191
Q

Through what channels does osmosis happen?

A

Aquaporins

192
Q

What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower?

A

Osmosis

193
Q

These are channels that allow water to pass through the lipid layer

A

Aquaporins

194
Q

What is omosis pressure?

A

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

195
Q

This is needed to stop the movement of water across membrane

A

Osmosis pressure

196
Q

What are the conditions of an isotonic solution?

A

Solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell; water is at equilibrium

197
Q

What are the conditions of a hypotonic solution?

A

Solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell

198
Q

What are the conditions of a hypertonic solution?

A

Solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell

199
Q

In this type of solution, solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell and water is at equilibrium

A

Isotonic solution

200
Q

In this type of solution, the solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell and water moves into the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

201
Q

In this type of solution, solute concentrations are higher outside of the cell than inside and water moves out of the cell

A

Hypertonic solution

202
Q

What is required for active transport?

A

Transporter protein and ATP

203
Q

Does active transport go against the gradient?

A

Yes

204
Q

What does group translocation require?

A

Transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP)

205
Q

Are substances altered crossing the membrane in group translocation?

A

Yes

206
Q

This requires a transporter protein and ATP and goes against the gradient

A

Active transport

207
Q

This requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), and the substance is altered as it crosses membrane

A

Group translocation

208
Q

This type of active process carries one specific ion or molecule

A

Uniport

209
Q

This type of active process carries two different ions/molecules, but in different directions

A

Antiport

210
Q

This type of active process carries two different ions/molecules, both in same direction

A

Symport

211
Q

Do uniports carry only one specific type of ion/molecule?

A

Yes

212
Q

Do symports carry only one specific type of ion/molecule?

A

No

213
Q

Do antiports carry two different ions/molecules?

A

Yes

214
Q

Do symports carry ions/molecules in same direction?

A

Yes

215
Q

Do antiports carry ions/molecules in different direction?

A

Yes

216
Q

Do uniports carry ions/ molecules in same direction?

A

No

217
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The substance inside the plasma membrane

218
Q

What is cytoplasm’s makeup?

A

80% water, plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and ions

219
Q

What is the series of fibers found in the cytoplasm?

A

Cytoskeleton

220
Q

This is the substance inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

221
Q

What is made up of 80% water as well as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ions?

A

Cytoplasm

222
Q

What is a series of fibers found in the cytoplasm?

A

Cytoskeleton

223
Q

What shape are bacterial chromosomes?

A

Circular

224
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra-chromosomal genetic elements that carry non-crucial genes such as antibiotic resistance and toxin production

225
Q

Are bacterial chromosomes linear?

A

No

226
Q

These are non-chromosomes that carry genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production

A

Plasmids

227
Q

These are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

228
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and ribosomal RNA

229
Q

What two subunits make up a ribosome?

A

30S (small subunit) and 50S (large subunit)

230
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins

231
Q

These are made up of protein and ribosomal RNA

A

Ribosomes

232
Q

Are ribosomes made up of 80S and 20S subunits?

A

No

233
Q

These inclusion bodies are phosphate reserves that can be used in the synthesis of ATP

A

Metachromatic granules (volutin)

234
Q

These inclusion bodies are energy reserves of glycogen and starch

A

Polysaccharide granules

235
Q

These two types of inclusion bodies serve as energy reserves

A

Lipid inclusions and sulfur granules

236
Q

These inclusion bodies contain RuBisCO for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

A

Carboxysomes

237
Q

These inclusion bodies are protein-covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy

A

Gas vacuoles

238
Q

These inclusion bodies have iron oxide and destroy H2O2

A

Magnetosomes

239
Q

What are metachromatic granules (volutin)?

A

Inclusion bodies with phosphate reserves used in synthesis of ATP

240
Q

What are polysaccharide granules?

A

Inclusion bodies with energy reserves of glycogen and starch

241
Q

What are lipid inclusions and sulfur granules?

A

Inclusion bodies that function as energy reserves

242
Q

What are carboxysomes?

A

Inclusion bodies with RuBisCO for CO2 fixation

243
Q

What are gas vacuoles?

A

Protein-covered cylinder inclusion bodies that maintain buoyancy

244
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

Iron oxide inclusion bodies that destroy hydrogen peroxide

245
Q

What are endospores?

A

Resting cells produced when nutrients are depleted that resistant to dessication, heat, chemicals, and radiation

246
Q

What groups produce endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

247
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Endospore formation

248
Q

What is germination?

A

When endospores return to a vegetative state

249
Q

These are produced when nutrients are depleted

A

Endospores

250
Q

These are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

A

Endospores

251
Q

What is endospore formation called?

A

Sporulation

252
Q

What is it called when endospores return to their vegetative state?

A

Germination

253
Q

What are projections used for locomotion or moving substances along cell surface?

A

Flagella/cilia

254
Q

What contain cytoplasm and are enclosed by the plasma membrane?

A

Flagella/cili

255
Q

Which projection type is long and few in number?

A

Flagella

256
Q

Which projection type is short and numerous?

A

Cilia

257
Q

Are cilia made of tubulin microtubules?

A

Yes

258
Q

Are flagella made of tubulin microtubules?

A

Yes

259
Q

Are both cilia and flagella anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body?

A

Yes

260
Q

What is a 9 + 2 array?

A

The organizational pattern of microtubules in a cilia/flagella

261
Q

These are long, hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin

A

Microtubules

262
Q

This anchors the cilia/flagella to the plasma membrane

A

Basal body

263
Q

These are organized in a ring of 9 pairs with another 2 in the center

A

Microtubules

264
Q

This describes the arrangement pattern of microtubules in a cilia/flagella

A

9 + 2 array

265
Q

Plant, algal and fungal cells all have one of these made of carbohydrates

A

Cell wall

266
Q

Plant cell walls contain this carbohydrate

A

Cellulose

267
Q

Fungal cell walls contain this carbohydrate

A

Chitin

268
Q

Yeast cell walls contain these two carbohydrates

A

Glucan and mannan

269
Q

What is the flexible outer protein covering of protozoans called?

A

Pellicle

270
Q

Cellulose makes up the cell walls of these

A

Plants

271
Q

Chitin makes up the cell walls of these

A

Fungi

272
Q

Glucan and mannan make up the cell walls of these

A

Yeasts

273
Q

What is a pellicle?

A

Flexible outer protein covering

274
Q

What type of organisms have a pellicle?

A

Protozoans

275
Q

Do plants, algae, fungi, or protozoans have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

A

No

276
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane

277
Q

What type of organisms have glycocalyx on their cells?

A

Animals

278
Q

What are the three functions of the glycocalyx?

A

Strengthen the cell surface; help attach cells together; cell-cell recognition

279
Q

This is a layer of carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane

A

Glycocalyx

280
Q

Do algae cells have a glycocalyx?

A

No

281
Q

Do fungal cells have a glycocalyx?

A

No

282
Q

Do animal cells have a glycocalyx?

A

Yes

283
Q

Strengthening the cell surface, attaching cells together, and cell-cell recognition are all functions of this

A

Glycocalyx

284
Q

What are sterols?

A

Complex lipids associated with the ability of the membrane to resist lysis due to osmotic pressure

285
Q

This is similar in structure to a prokaryotic cell membrane, except it contains sterols and carbohydrates

A

Plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

286
Q

What two functions are carbohydrates in the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane used for?

A

Attachment and cell-to-cell recognition

287
Q

Does a plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane have a phospholipid bilayer and integral/peripheral proteins?

A

Yes

288
Q

Does a prokaryote cell membrane have sterols and carbohydrates?

A

No

289
Q

These are complex lipids associated with the membrane’s ability to resist lysis due to osmotic pressure

A

Sterols

290
Q

These are located in the plasma membrane for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition purposes

A

Carbohydrates

291
Q

Does a prokaryotic cell membrane have selective permeability?

A

Yes

292
Q

Does a plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane have selective permeability?

A

Yes

293
Q

Can prokaryotic cell membranes do endocytosis?

A

No

294
Q

Can prokaryotic cell membranes use simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?

A

Yes

295
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and a brings it into the cell

296
Q

This is when a plasma membrane segment surrounds a particle/large molecule, surrounds it, and brings it into the cell

A

Endocytosis

297
Q

What happens during phagocytosis?

A

Pseudopods extend and engulf particles

298
Q

What happens during pinocytosis?

A

Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

299
Q

What happens during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Substances (ligands) bind the receptors in the membrane, causing the membrane to fold inward

300
Q

Which method can viruses use to enter animal cells?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

301
Q

This is when pseudopods extend and engulf particles

A

Phagocytosis

302
Q

This is when the membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

A

Pinocytosis

303
Q

This is when substances (ligands) bind the receptors in the membrane, causing the membrane to fold inward; this is the way viruses can enter animal cells

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

304
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus

305
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of cytoplasm

306
Q

What is cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

307
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

Movement of cytoplasm throughout a cell

308
Q

What is the substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

309
Q

What is the fluid portion of cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol

310
Q

What is made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments (rods), and microtubules (cylinders)?

A

Cytoskeleton

311
Q

What is the movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

312
Q

What are rods made of?

A

Microfilaments and intermediate filaments

313
Q

What are cylinders made of?

A

Microtubules

314
Q

These are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

315
Q

What subunits are eukaryote ribosomes made of?

A

60S and 40S

316
Q

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?

A

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

317
Q

Where are free ribosomes found?

A

In cytoplasm

318
Q

These are 80S (70S in chloroplasts/mitochondria)

A

Ribosomes

319
Q

These are ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membrane-bound ribosomes

320
Q

These ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm

A

Free ribosomes

321
Q

This is a double membrane structure that contains the cell’s DNA

A

Nucleus

322
Q

These are tiny channels in the nucleus’s membrane that allow communication with the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

323
Q

What is chromatin formed from?

A

DNA complexed with histone proteins

324
Q

When does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

A

During mitosis/meiosis

325
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleolus

326
Q

What is the double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

327
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Tiny channels in the membrane that allow communication with the cytoplasm

328
Q

These are complexed with DNA to form chromatin

A

Histones

329
Q

During mitosis/meiosis, chromatin condenses into these

A

Chromosomes

330
Q

What is found in the nucleolus?

A

Chromosomes

331
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A folded transport network that synthesizes proteins, membranes, fats, and hormones

332
Q

What characterizes the rough ER?

A

Studded with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis; continuous with nuclear membrane

333
Q

What characterizes the smooth ER?

A

No ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats and hormones; extends from rough ER

334
Q

This is a folded transport network that synthesizes many products

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

335
Q

This is studded with ribosomes, produces proteins, and is continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

Rough ER

336
Q

This has no ribosomes, synthesizes membranes, fats, and hormones, and extends from the rough ER

A

Smooth ER

337
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

Transport organelle

338
Q

What does the Golgi complex use to transport modified proteins from ER to plasma membrane?

A

Secretory vesicles

339
Q

What are the major storage vesicles that receive modified proteins from the Golgi complex?

A

Lysosomes

340
Q

This is a transport organelle that sends modified proteins to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes

A

Golgi complex

341
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles formed in the Golgi complex that contain digestive enzymes

342
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Cell cavities formed from Golgi complex that bring food into cells and provide shape and storage

343
Q

These are vesicles formed in the Golgi complex

A

Lysosomes

344
Q

These contain digestive enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules and bacteria

A

Lysosomes

345
Q

These are cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex

A

Vacuoles

346
Q

These bring food into cells and provide shape and storage

A

Vacuoles

347
Q

These double-membrane organelles are involved in cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

348
Q

What are the inner folds of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

349
Q

What is the fluid inside mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

350
Q

What do mitochondria produce?

A

ATP

351
Q

Do lysosomes have a double membrane?

A

No

352
Q

Do mitochondria have a double membrane?

A

Yes

353
Q

What are cristae?

A

Inner folds of mitochondria

354
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Fluid within mitochondria

355
Q

What processes are mitochondria involved in?

A

Cellular respiration/ATP production

356
Q

These organelles are the locations of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

357
Q

These organelles contain thylakoids

A

Chloroplasts

358
Q

What do thylakoids contain?

A

Chlorophyll

359
Q

What shape and arrangement are thylakoids?

A

Coin shaped and form stacks

360
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidize fatty acids; destroy toxic substanes (such as H2O2)

361
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Networks of protein fibers and centrioles

362
Q

What critical role in cell division do centrosomes fill?

A

Form the mitotic spindle

363
Q

These organelles oxidize fatty acids and destroy toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

364
Q

These are networks of protein fibers and centrioles that form the mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrosomes

365
Q

When did the first eukaryotes evolve?

A

2.5 billion years ago

366
Q

When did life arise on Earth?

A

3.5 to 4 billion years ago

367
Q

What theory explains the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

A

Endosymbiotic theory

368
Q

What does endosymbiotic theory suppose?

A

That larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes

369
Q

What did ingested photosynthetic bacteria become, according to endosymbiotic theory?

A

Chloroplasts

370
Q

What did ingested aerobic bacteria become, according to endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria

371
Q

What is the theory of larger bacteria engulfing smaller ones to develop the first eukaryotes?

A

Endosymbiotic theory

372
Q

According to endosymbiotic theory, what did mitochondria come from?

A

Ingested aerobic bacteria

373
Q

According to endosymbiotic theory, what did chloroplasts come from?

A

Ingested photosynthetic bacteria

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