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microbiology ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the ability to ward off disease

A

Immunity

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2
Q

This is the lack of resistance to a disease

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

This is defenses against any pathogen that are rapid and present at birth

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

This is immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen that is slower to respond and has a memory component

A

Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

This is the inner portion of the skin made of connective tissue

A

Dermis

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6
Q

This is the outer portion of the skin made of tightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin

A

Epidermis

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7
Q

What two skin conditions inhibit microbial growth?

A

Shedding and dryness

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8
Q

These are epithelial layers that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tract

A

Mucous membranes

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9
Q

This is made of viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

A

Mucus

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10
Q

This is made of viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

A

Mucus

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10
Q

This apparatus drains tears and washes the eye

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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11
Q

This transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

A

Ciliary escalator

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12
Q

This prevents microbes from entering the ear

A

Earwax

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13
Q

This cleans the urethra via flow

A

Urine

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14
Q

These move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

A

Vaginal secretions

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15
Q

This forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3-5) of skin

A

Sebum

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16
Q

These enzymes in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroy bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozymes

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17
Q

The low pH (1.2-3) of this destroys most bacteria and toxins

A

Gastric juice

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18
Q

These compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

Normal microbiota

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19
Q

What are three ways normal microbiota help control pathogens?

A

Have a competitive advantage for space and nutrients; produce substances harmful to pathogens; alter conditions that affect pathogen survival

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20
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

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21
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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22
Q

What are the three formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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23
Q

This is the formation of blood cells in red bone marrow stem cells

A

Hematopoiesis

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24
These are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope
Granulocytes
25
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
25
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
25
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
25
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
26
These granulocytes are phagocytic and work in early stages of infection
Neutrophils
27
These granulocytes release histamine and work in allergic responses
Basophils
28
These granulocytes produce toxic proteins against parasites and helminths
Eosinophils
29
These are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope
Agranulocytes
30
What are the three types of agranulocytes?
Monocytes, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
31
These agranulocytes mature into macrophages in tissues, where they are phagocytic
Monocytes
32
These agranulocytes are found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus and are phagocytic
Dendritic cells
33
These agranulocytes include T cells, B cells, and N K cells and play a role in adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
34
What are the four components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, and red bone marrow
35
This carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy the pathogen
Lymph
36
These phagocytes are residents in tissues and organs
Fixed macrophages
37
These phagocytes roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
Free (wandering) macrophages
38
What are the four steps of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, and digestion
39
What happens during the chemotaxis stage of phagocytosis?
Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganism
40
In this stage of
41
What happens during the adherence stage of phagocytosis?
Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
42
What happens during the ingestion stage of phagocytosis?
Opsonization; microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier
43
What happens during the digestion stage of phagocytosis?
Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome
44
What are 5 symptoms of inflammation?
Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat
45
This destroys an injurious agent or limits its effects on the body
Inflammation
46
What are 5 symptoms of inflammation?
Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat
47
What are 2 ways inflammation helps the body?
Destroying/limiting injurious agents; repairing/replacing damaged tissue
48
At what temperature is the hypothalamus normally set?
37 degrees C
49
These cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature
Cytokines
50
The body maintains a higher temperature until this happens
Cytokines are eliminated
51
What 2 events occur when body temperature falls?
Vasodilation and sweating
52
This is made up of serum proteins produced by the liver that enhance the immune system in destroying microbes
Complement system
53
What is the cascade process of the complement system called?
Complement activation
54
In this pathway, antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1
Classical pathway
55
In the classical pathway, with what function is C3a involved?
Inflammation
56
In the classical pathway, with what 2 functions is C3b involved?
Cytosis and opsonization
57
In this pathway, C3 present in the blood combines with factors B, D, and P on microbe surface
Alternative pathway
58
In this pathway, macrophages ingest pathogens, releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in the liver
Lectin pathway
59
In the lectin pathway, this binds to mannose, activating C2 and C4
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
60
This happens when activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex
Cytolysis
61
This promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe
Opsonization
62
This happens when activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine
Inflammation

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