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microbiology ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the ability to ward off disease

A

Immunity

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2
Q

This is the lack of resistance to a disease

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

This is defenses against any pathogen that are rapid and present at birth

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

This is immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen that is slower to respond and has a memory component

A

Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

This is the inner portion of the skin made of connective tissue

A

Dermis

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6
Q

This is the outer portion of the skin made of tightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin

A

Epidermis

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7
Q

What two skin conditions inhibit microbial growth?

A

Shedding and dryness

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8
Q

These are epithelial layers that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tract

A

Mucous membranes

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9
Q

This is made of viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

A

Mucus

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10
Q

This is made of viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

A

Mucus

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10
Q

This apparatus drains tears and washes the eye

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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11
Q

This transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

A

Ciliary escalator

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12
Q

This prevents microbes from entering the ear

A

Earwax

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13
Q

This cleans the urethra via flow

A

Urine

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14
Q

These move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

A

Vaginal secretions

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15
Q

This forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3-5) of skin

A

Sebum

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16
Q

These enzymes in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroy bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozymes

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17
Q

The low pH (1.2-3) of this destroys most bacteria and toxins

A

Gastric juice

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18
Q

These compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

Normal microbiota

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19
Q

What are three ways normal microbiota help control pathogens?

A

Have a competitive advantage for space and nutrients; produce substances harmful to pathogens; alter conditions that affect pathogen survival

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20
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

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21
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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22
Q

What are the three formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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23
Q

This is the formation of blood cells in red bone marrow stem cells

A

Hematopoiesis

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24
Q

These are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope

A

Granulocytes

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25
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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25
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

25
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

25
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

26
Q

These granulocytes are phagocytic and work in early stages of infection

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

These granulocytes release histamine and work in allergic responses

A

Basophils

28
Q

These granulocytes produce toxic proteins against parasites and helminths

A

Eosinophils

29
Q

These are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope

A

Agranulocytes

30
Q

What are the three types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes

31
Q

These agranulocytes mature into macrophages in tissues, where they are phagocytic

A

Monocytes

32
Q

These agranulocytes are found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus and are phagocytic

A

Dendritic cells

33
Q

These agranulocytes include T cells, B cells, and N K cells and play a role in adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

34
Q

What are the four components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, and red bone marrow

35
Q

This carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy the pathogen

A

Lymph

36
Q

These phagocytes are residents in tissues and organs

A

Fixed macrophages

37
Q

These phagocytes roam tissues and gather at sites of infection

A

Free (wandering) macrophages

38
Q

What are the four steps of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, and digestion

39
Q

What happens during the chemotaxis stage of phagocytosis?

A

Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganism

40
Q

In this stage of

A
41
Q

What happens during the adherence stage of phagocytosis?

A

Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

42
Q

What happens during the ingestion stage of phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization; microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier

43
Q

What happens during the digestion stage of phagocytosis?

A

Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome

44
Q

What are 5 symptoms of inflammation?

A

Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat

45
Q

This destroys an injurious agent or limits its effects on the body

A

Inflammation

46
Q

What are 5 symptoms of inflammation?

A

Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat

47
Q

What are 2 ways inflammation helps the body?

A

Destroying/limiting injurious agents; repairing/replacing damaged tissue

48
Q

At what temperature is the hypothalamus normally set?

A

37 degrees C

49
Q

These cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature

A

Cytokines

50
Q

The body maintains a higher temperature until this happens

A

Cytokines are eliminated

51
Q

What 2 events occur when body temperature falls?

A

Vasodilation and sweating

52
Q

This is made up of serum proteins produced by the liver that enhance the immune system in destroying microbes

A

Complement system

53
Q

What is the cascade process of the complement system called?

A

Complement activation

54
Q

In this pathway, antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1

A

Classical pathway

55
Q

In the classical pathway, with what function is C3a involved?

A

Inflammation

56
Q

In the classical pathway, with what 2 functions is C3b involved?

A

Cytosis and opsonization

57
Q

In this pathway, C3 present in the blood combines with factors B, D, and P on microbe surface

A

Alternative pathway

58
Q

In this pathway, macrophages ingest pathogens, releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in the liver

A

Lectin pathway

59
Q

In the lectin pathway, this binds to mannose, activating C2 and C4

A

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

60
Q

This happens when activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex

A

Cytolysis

61
Q

This promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

A

Opsonization

62
Q

This happens when activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine

A

Inflammation

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