microbiology ch 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a variolation?

A

Inoculation of smallpox into the skin

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2
Q

What did Jenner inoculate with to prevent smallpox?

A

Cowpox

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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Suspension of organisms/fractions of organisms that induce immunity

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4
Q

Vaccination provokes this

A

Primary immune response

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5
Q

Vaccination leads to the formation of these

A

Antibodies and memory cells

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6
Q

Antibody and memory cell formation produces this type of response

A

Rapid, intense secondary response

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7
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Immunity in most of the population

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8
Q

This type of vaccine uses a weakened pathogen, closely mimics an actual infection, and confers lifelong cellular and humoral immunity

A

Live attenuated vaccines

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9
Q

This type of vaccine is safer than live vaccines, requires repeated booster doses, and induces mostly humoral immunity

A

Inactivated killed vaccines

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10
Q

This type of vaccine uses antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

A

Subunit vaccines

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11
Q

These subunit vaccines are produced by genetic modification

A

Recombinant vaccines

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12
Q

These are inactivated toxins used as subunit vaccines

A

Toxoids

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13
Q

These subunit vaccines resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

A

Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

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14
Q

These subunit vaccines are made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule and are not very immunogenic

A

Polysaccharide vaccines

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15
Q

These subunit vaccines are used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides

A

Conjugated vaccines

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16
Q

This type of vaccine injects naked DNA to produce the protein antigen encoded in the DNA

A

Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines

17
Q

This type of vaccine uses avirulent viruses or bacteria that are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens

A

Recombinant vector vaccines

18
Q

This type of vaccine delivers a dry formulation to the skin and requires no refrigeration

A

Nanopatch

19
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness

20
Q

What are the only two approved adjuvants in the U.S.?

A

Alums and monophosphoryl lipid A

21
Q

Sensitivity is the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is this

A

True positive

22
Q

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

A

True negative

23
Q

What happens in an agglutination reaction?

A

Particulate antigens bind to antibodies to form visible aggregates

24
Q

These tests detect antibodies against large cellular antigens

A

Direct agglutination tests

25
Q

In these tests, antibodies react with the soluble antigens adhering to the particles, or vice versa

A

Indirect (passive) agglutination tests

26
Q

In this agglutination reaction, RBC surface antigens and complementary antibodies agglutinate; used in blood typing

A

Hemagglutination

27
Q

This neutralization reaction occurs when viruses agglutinate RBCs without an antigen-antibody reaction

A

Viral hemagglutination

28
Q

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

A

True negative

29
Q

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

A

True negative