microbiology ch 18

Question 1

What is a variolation?

Answer 1

Inoculation of smallpox into the skin

Question 2

What did Jenner inoculate with to prevent smallpox?

Answer 2

Cowpox

Question 3

What is a vaccine?

Answer 3

Suspension of organisms/fractions of organisms that induce immunity

Question 4

Vaccination provokes this

Answer 4

Primary immune response

Question 5

Vaccination leads to the formation of these

Answer 5

Antibodies and memory cells

Question 6

Antibody and memory cell formation produces this type of response

Answer 6

Rapid, intense secondary response

Question 7

What is herd immunity?

Answer 7

Immunity in most of the population

Question 8

This type of vaccine uses a weakened pathogen, closely mimics an actual infection, and confers lifelong cellular and humoral immunity

Answer 8

Live attenuated vaccines

Question 9

This type of vaccine is safer than live vaccines, requires repeated booster doses, and induces mostly humoral immunity

Answer 9

Inactivated killed vaccines

Question 10

This type of vaccine uses antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

Answer 10

Subunit vaccines

Question 11

These subunit vaccines are produced by genetic modification

Answer 11

Recombinant vaccines

Question 12

These are inactivated toxins used as subunit vaccines

Answer 12

Toxoids

Question 13

These subunit vaccines resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

Answer 13

Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

Question 14

These subunit vaccines are made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule and are not very immunogenic

Answer 14

Polysaccharide vaccines

Question 15

These subunit vaccines are used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides

Answer 15

Conjugated vaccines

Question 16

This type of vaccine injects naked DNA to produce the protein antigen encoded in the DNA

Answer 16

Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines

Question 17

This type of vaccine uses avirulent viruses or bacteria that are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens

Answer 17

Recombinant vector vaccines

Question 18

This type of vaccine delivers a dry formulation to the skin and requires no refrigeration

Answer 18

Nanopatch

Question 19

What are adjuvants?

Answer 19

Chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness

Question 20

What are the only two approved adjuvants in the U.S.?

Answer 20

Alums and monophosphoryl lipid A

Question 21

Sensitivity is the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is this

Answer 21

True positive

Question 22

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

Answer 22

True negative

Question 23

What happens in an agglutination reaction?

Answer 23

Particulate antigens bind to antibodies to form visible aggregates

Question 24

These tests detect antibodies against large cellular antigens

Answer 24

Direct agglutination tests

Question 25

In these tests, antibodies react with the soluble antigens adhering to the particles, or vice versa

Answer 25

Indirect (passive) agglutination tests

Question 26

In this agglutination reaction, RBC surface antigens and complementary antibodies agglutinate; used in blood typing

Answer 26

Hemagglutination

Question 27

This neutralization reaction occurs when viruses agglutinate RBCs without an antigen-antibody reaction

Answer 27

Viral hemagglutination

Question 28

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

Answer 28

True negative

Question 29

Specificity is the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is this

Answer 29

True negative