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microbiology ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two units typically used to measure microorganisms?

A

Micrometers and nanometers

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2
Q

What are micrometers and nanometers typically used to measure?

A

Very small objects, such as microorganisms

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3
Q

How many nanometers are in one micrometer?

A

1000 nm = 1 um

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4
Q

1 nanometer equals how many micrometers?

A

0.001 um

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5
Q

How many lenses does a simple microscope have?

A

1

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6
Q

What distinguishes a simple microscope from a magnifying glass?

A

Higher magnification lens

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7
Q

This type of microscope only has 1 lens

A

Simple microscope

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8
Q

How many lenses are in a compound microscope?

A

2

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9
Q

How is total magnification of a compound microscope calculated?

A

Objective lens x ocular lens

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10
Q

This type of microscope has an objective lens and an ocular lens

A

Compound microscope

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11
Q

Objective lens x ocular lens = ?

A

Total magnification of a compound microscope

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12
Q

What are the two types of lens in a compound microscope?

A

Objective lens and ocular lens

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13
Q

What are the five steps of movement of a light ray in a compound light microscope?

A
  1. Illuminator; 2. Condenser; 3. Specimen; 4. Objective lenses; 5. Ocular lens
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14
Q

What is resolution?

A

Ability of lenses to distinguish two points

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15
Q

If a microscope has a resolving power of 0.4 nm, how far apart can it distinguish two points?

A

0.4 nm

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16
Q

What type of wavelengths of light provide greater resolution?

A

Shorter wavelengths

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17
Q

What is the ability of lenses to distinguish two points?

A

Resolution

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18
Q

Do shorter wavelengths of light provide lower resolution?

A

No

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19
Q

What is the refractive index?

A

Measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

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20
Q

Can a specimen refract light enough so that it does not pass through an object lens?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is used to keep light from refracting?

A

Immersion oil

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22
Q

What is the the measure of light-bending ability of a medium?

A

Refractive index

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23
Q

What is the purpose of immersion oil?

A

To keep light from refracting

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24
Q

What type of objects are visible against a bright background in brightfield illumination?

A

Dark objects

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25
Q

Does light reflected off the specimen enter the objective lens in brightfield illumination?

A

No

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26
Q

This type of compound light microscopy shows dark objects against a bright background

A

Brightfield illumination

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27
Q

In darkfield microscopy, what type of objects are visible against a dark background?

A

Light objects

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28
Q

What is placed in the condenser in darkfield microscopy?

A

Opaque disk

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29
Q

Is light reflected from the specimen the only light to enter the objective lens in darkfield microscopy?

A

Yes

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30
Q

This type of microscopy uses light objects visible against a dark background

A

Darkfield microscopy

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31
Q

Where is the opaque disk placed in darkfield microscopy?

A

In the condenser

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32
Q

What is the only light to enter the lens in darkfield microscopy?

A

Light reflected from the specimen

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33
Q

Does phase-contrast microscopy allow examination of living organisms and internal cell structure?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What two sets of light rays does phase-contrast microscopy combine to form an image?

A

Direct rays and diffracted rays

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35
Q

What two types of microscopy does phase-contrast microscopy combine?

A

Brightfield and darkfield

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36
Q

This type of microscopy allows for examination of living organisms

A

Phase-contrast microscopy

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37
Q

This type of microscopy uses direct and diffracted rays to form an image

A

Phase-contrast microscopy

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38
Q

This type of microscopy uses a combination of brightfield and darkfield

A

Phase-contrast microscopy

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39
Q

This type of microscopy, similar to phase-contrast microscopy, uses two light beams and prisms to split light beams

A

Differential interference contrast microscopy

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40
Q

Specimens in this type of microscopy appear three-dimensional and brightly colored

A

Differential interference contrast microscopy

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41
Q

Do specimens in brightfield microscopy appear three-dimensional and brightly colored?

A

No

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42
Q

Does differential interference contrast microscopy show contrast and color of the specimen?

A

Yes

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43
Q

Are differential interference contrast microscopy and phase-contrast microscopy similar?

A

Yes

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44
Q

What type of light does fluorescence microscopy use?

A

UV light

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45
Q

What type of light do fluorescent substances emit in fluorescence microscopy?

A

Visible light

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46
Q

This type of light microscopy may use cells stained with fluorescent dyes

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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47
Q

This type of microscopy can be used to detect pathogens within cells, tissues, or other clinical specimens

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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48
Q

This type of microscopy uses UV light

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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49
Q

This type of substances absorb UV and emit visible light

A

Fluorescent substances

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50
Q

What is another word for fluorescent dyes?

A

Fluorochromes

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51
Q

This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons passing through ultrathin sections of a specimen

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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52
Q

Can specimens in transmission electron microscopy be stained with heavy metal salts for contrast?

A

Yes

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53
Q

What is a specimen placed on in transmission electron microscopy?

A

Copper mesh

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54
Q

What is the range of magnification for transmission electron microscopy?

A

10,000 to 10,000,000x

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55
Q

What is the resolution of transmission electron microscopy?

A

10pm

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56
Q

This type of microscopy may use specimens stained with heavy metal salts

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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57
Q

This type of microscopy can magnify up to 10,000,000x

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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58
Q

Specimens in this type of microscopy are placed on a copper mesh grid instead of a glass slide

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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59
Q

What does transmission electron microscopy use?

A

A beam of electrons passing through ultrathin sections of a specimen, then through an electromagnetic lens, then focused onto a projector lens

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60
Q

This type of microscopy uses an electron gun to produce a beam of electrons that scan the surface of a specimen

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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61
Q

Can scanning electrons only produce a two-dimensional image?

A

No

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62
Q

What is the range of magnification of scanning electron microscopy?

A

1,000 - 500,000x

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63
Q

What resolution is scanning electron microscopy capable of achieving?

A

10nm

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64
Q

This type of microscopy uses secondary electrons emitted from the specimen to produce a three-dimensional image

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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65
Q

This type of microscopy can magnify an object up to 500,000x

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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66
Q

This type of microscopy can achieve a resolution of 10nm

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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67
Q

This type of microscopy uses various probes to examine the surface of a specimen using electric currents

A

Scanned-probe microscopy

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68
Q

Does scanned-probe microscopy modify the specimen or expose it to damaging, high-energy radiation?

A

No

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69
Q

This type of microscopy is used to map atomic and molecular shapes, characterize magnetic and chemical properties, and to determine temperature variations inside cells

A

Scanned-probe microscopy

70
Q

This type of microscopy can be used to map atomic and molecular shapes

A

Scanned-probe microscopy

71
Q

Can scanned-probe microscopy be used to determine temperature variations inside cells?

A

Yes

72
Q

This type of microscopy can be used to characterize magnetic and chemical properties

A

Scanned-probe microscopy

73
Q

Does scanned-probe microscopy pass a beam of electrons through a specimen?

A

No

74
Q

This type of microscopy uses short-wavelength (blue) light to excite a single plane of a spectrum

A

Confocal microscopy

75
Q

This type of microscopy illuminates each plane of a specimen and constructs a three-dimensional image

A

Confocal microscopy

76
Q

This type of microscopy can examine layers of cells to a depth of 100um

A

Confocal microscopy

77
Q

What type of light does confocal microscopy use?

A

Short-wavelength light (blue)

78
Q

Can confocal microscopy construct a three-dimensional image of a specimen?

A

Yes

79
Q

To what depth of cell layers can confocal microscopy examine?

A

Up to 100um

80
Q

Does confocal microscopy use fluorochrome dyes?

A

Yes

81
Q

Does two-photon microscopy use fluorochrome dyes?

A

Yes

82
Q

This type of microscopy uses two photons of long-wavelength (red) light to excite fluorochrome dyes

A

Two-photon microscopy

83
Q

This type of microscopy can study living cells up to 1 mm deep

A

Two-photon microscopy

84
Q

What type of light does two-photon microscopy use?

A

Long-wavelength light (red)

85
Q

How deep can two-photon microscopy study living cells?

A

1 mm

86
Q

This type of microscopy uses two laser beams; one to stimulate glowing of fluorescent molecules, the other to cancel all fluorescence except for that in one nm

A

Super-resolution light microscopy

87
Q

This type of microscopy scans the specimen nm by nm, then puts the images together

A

Super-resolution light microscopy

88
Q

This type of microscopy can use cells stained with fluorescent dyes that are specific to certain molecules

A

Super-resolution light microscopy

89
Q

How many laser beams does super-resolution light microscopy use?

A

2

90
Q

What do each of the lasers in super-resolution light microscopy do?

A

One stimulates fluorescent molecules to glow

91
Q

What do each of the lasers in super-resolution light microscopy do?

A

One stimulates fluorescent molecules to glow, while the other cancels all fluorescence except for that in one nm

92
Q

This type of microscopy uses sound waves to reflect off specimens

A

Scanning acoustic microscopy

93
Q

This type of microscopy is used to study cells attached to surfaces

A

Scanning acoustic microscopy

94
Q

This type of microscopy has a resolution of 1 um

A

Scanning acoustic microscopy

95
Q

What type of waves does scanning acoustic microscopy use?

A

Sound waves

96
Q

What type of cells is scanning acoustic microscopy used to study?

A

Cells attached to surfaces

97
Q

What is the resolution of scanning acoustic microscopy?

A

1 um

98
Q

Does electron microscopy result in greater resolutions than light microscopy?

A

Yes

99
Q

What type of specimen is electron microscopy necessary to observe?

A

Very small specimens, such as viruses

100
Q

This type of microscopy uses a tungsten probe to scan a specimen and reveal details of its surface

A

Scanning tunneling microscopy

101
Q

This type of microscopy has a resolution of 1/100 of an atom

A

Scanning tunneling microscopy

102
Q

What type of probe does scanning tunneling microscopy use?

A

Tungsten probe

103
Q

What is the resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy?

A

1/100 of an atom

104
Q

This type of microscopy uses a metal-and-diamond probe placed onto a specimen

A

Atomic force microscopy

105
Q

This type of microscopy can produce images at near-atomic level

A

Atomic force microscopy

106
Q

What type of probe does atomic force microscopy use?

A

Metal-and-diamond probe

107
Q

What is the resolution of atomic force microscopy?

A

Near-atomic level

108
Q

What is staining?

A

Coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structure

109
Q

What is a smear?

A

Thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over a slide

110
Q

What happens to microorganisms when they are fixed to the slide?

A

They are killed

111
Q

Do live/unstained specimens have a great deal of contrast with the surrounding medium?

A

No

112
Q

What are live specimens used to study?

A

Cell behavior

113
Q

What is the process of coloring microorganisms with dyes to emphasize certain structures?

A

Staining

114
Q

What is a thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over a slide?

A

Smear

115
Q

What type of specimens have little contrast with the surrounding medium?

A

Live/unstained specimens

116
Q

This type of specimen is used to study cell behavior

A

Live specimen

117
Q

What do stains consist of?

A

A positive and negative ion

118
Q

What is a chromophore?

A

A colored ion in a stain

119
Q

In a basic dye, is the chromophore a cation or anion?

A

Cation

120
Q

In an acidic dye, is the chromophore a cation or anion?

A

Anion

121
Q

What is the term for staining the background instead of the cell?

A

Negative staining

122
Q

What consist of a positive and negative ion, one of which is colored?

A

Stains

123
Q

Cation chromophores are found in what type of dye?

A

Basic dye

124
Q

Anion chromophores are found in what type of dye?

A

Acidic dye

125
Q

What is negative staining?

A

Staining the background instead of the cell

126
Q

What are the three types of staining techniques?

A

Simple, differential and special

127
Q

What is simple staining?

A

Use of a single basic dye

128
Q

This type of staining highlights the entire microorganism to visualize cell shapes and structures

A

Simple stain

129
Q

This may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it

A

Mordant

130
Q

What type of staining uses a single basic dye?

A

Simple stain

131
Q

What does a mordant do?

A

Holds the stain or coats the specimen to enlarge it

132
Q

What are the two types of differential stains?

A

Gram stain and acid-fast stain

133
Q

What are differential stains used for?

A

To distinguish between bacteria

134
Q

This type of staining is used to distinguish between bacteria

A

Differential stain

135
Q

Gram stain and acid-fast stain are the two types of this type of staining

A

Differential stain

136
Q

This type of staining classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative

A

Gram staining

137
Q

These bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls

A

Gram-positive bacteria

138
Q

These bacteria have thin peptidoglycan cell walls

A

Gram-negative bacteria

139
Q

These bacteria have a layer of lipopolysaccharides

A

Gram-negative bacteria

140
Q

What two types of bacteria does gram staining classify?

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative

141
Q

What kind of cell walls do gram-positive bacteria have?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell walls

142
Q

What are two characteristics of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan cell walls and a layer of lipopolysaccharides

143
Q

This type of stain binds only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls

A

Acid-fast stain

144
Q

Acid-fast staining is used for the identification of which two bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

145
Q

What type of bacteria is acid-fast staining used for?

A

Bacteria with waxy cell walls that aren’t decolorized by acid-alcohol

146
Q

Mycobacterium and Nocardia can be identified using what type of staining?

A

Acid-fast stain

147
Q

What are the three types of special stains?

A

Capsule stain, endospore stain, and flagella stain

148
Q

What are special stains used for?

A

To distinguish parts of microorganisms

149
Q

Capsule stain, endospore stain, and flagella stain are examples of which group of stains?

A

Special stains

150
Q

This group of staining methods is used to distinguish parts of the microorganisms

A

Special stains

151
Q

What are capsules?

A

Gelatinous coverings

152
Q

Will capsules accept most dyes?

A

No

153
Q

What can be used to contrast the background with the capsule and form a halo around the cell?

A

India ink or nigrosin

154
Q

These are gelatinous coverings that do not accept most dyes

A

Capsules

155
Q

How can India ink or Nigrosin be used to look at bacteria capsules?

A

By suspending them so they contrast the background with the capsule and cause it to look like a halo around the cell

156
Q

What are endospores?

A

Resistant, dormant structures inside some cells

157
Q

Can endospores be stained by ordinary methods?

A

No

158
Q

What are the three steps of endospore staining?

A
  1. Primary stain: malachite green, usually with heat; 2. Decolorize cells: water; 3. Counterstain: safranin
159
Q

How do spores appear in endospore staining?

A

Green within red or pink cells

160
Q

What are resistant, dormant structures inside some cells that cannot be stained by ordinary methods?

A

Endospores

161
Q

Is decolorizing cells with water the first step in endospore staining?

A

No

162
Q

Is counterstaining with safranin the third step in endospore staining?

A

Yes

163
Q

Is primary staining with malachite green and heat the first step in endospore staining?

A

Yes

164
Q

Is counterstaining with malachite green the third step in endospore staining?

A

No

165
Q

Is decolorizing cells with water the second step in endospore staining?

A

Yes

166
Q

Is primary staining with safranin the first step in endospore staining?

A

No

167
Q

What are flagella?

A

Structures of locomotion

168
Q

How does flagella staining work?

A

By using a mordant and carbolfuchsin to thicken appearance of flagella and make them visible under light microscope

169
Q

These are structures of locomotion

A

Flagella

170
Q

Does flagella staining use mordant?

A

Yes

171
Q

Mordant and carbolfuchsin are used in what type of staining?

A

Flagella staining

172
Q

This type of staining uses mordant and carbolfuchsin to thicken flagella appearance and make them visible under light microscopes

A

Flagella staining

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