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microbiology ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

The cause of a disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The development of disease

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4
Q

What is infection?

A

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Can an infection exist in the absence of detectable disease?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is disease?

A

An abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal function

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7
Q

This is the study of disease

A

Pathology

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8
Q

This is the cause of a disease

A

Etiology

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9
Q

This is the development of disease

A

Pathogenesis

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10
Q

This is an invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

A

Infection

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11
Q

This is an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

A

Disease

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12
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

All microorganisms that colonize the human body

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13
Q

When is the human microbiome established?

A

In utero and during birth

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14
Q

What are three sources of additional microorganisms acquired from after utero and birth?

A

From food, people, and pets

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15
Q

All microorganisms that colonize the human body make up this, which begins to be established in utero and during birth

A

Human microbiome

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16
Q

This permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

A

Normal microbiota

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17
Q

This may be present for days, weeks, or months

A

Transient microbiota

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18
Q

This analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body, and human health

A

Human Microbiome Project

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19
Q

What are four factors that determine the distribution and composition of normal microbiota?

A

Nutrients, physical/chemical factors, host defenses, and mechanical factors

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20
Q

What two types of bacteria dominate the microbiome as a result of vaginal birth?

A

Prevalently Lactobacillus and Bacteroides

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21
Q

What type of bacteria dominates the microbiome as a result of cesarean birth?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

What does the microbiome resemble following cesarean birth?

A

Human skin

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23
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

Competition between microbes

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24
Q

What are three ways that normal microbiota protect the host?

A

By competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to invading microbes, and affecting pH/oxygen levels

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25
Q

According to Koch’s Postulates, what must be present in every case of a disease?

A

The same pathogen

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26
Q

According to Koch’s Postulates, what must be done with the pathogen from the diseased host?

A

Isolated and grown in pure culture

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27
Q

According to Koch’s Postulates, what must happen when the pathogen from the pure culture is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal?

A

Cause the disease

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28
Q

According to Koch’s Postulates, what must be done with the pathogen from the inoculated animal?

A

Isolated and shown to be the original pathogen

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29
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates used to prove?

A

The cause of an infectious disease

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30
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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31
Q

What are signs?

A

Changes in a body that can be measured/observed as a result of a disease

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32
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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33
Q

These are changes in body function felt by a patient as a result of disease

A

Symptoms

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34
Q

These are changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease

A

Signs

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35
Q

This is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

A

Syndrome

36
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another

37
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A disease that is easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

38
Q

What is a disease’s incidence?

A

The number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

39
Q

What is a disease’s prevalence?

A

The number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

40
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

A disease that occurs only occasionally

41
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

A disease that is constantly present in a population

42
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

43
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

A worldwide epidemic disease

44
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

45
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Disease in which symptoms develop slowly and are lasting

46
Q

What is a subacute disease?

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic

47
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

Disease in which causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

48
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Immunity in most of a population

49
Q

What is a local infection?

A

Infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

50
Q

What is a systemic (generalized) infection?

A

An infection throughout the body

51
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

Systemic infection that began as a local infection, arising from areas such as teeth, tonsils or sinuses

52
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focal infection

53
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Bacteria in the blood

54
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Growth of bacteria in the blood

55
Q

What is toxemia?

A

Toxins in the blood

56
Q

What is viremia?

A

Viruses in the blood

57
Q

What is a primary infection?

A

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

58
Q

What is a secondary infection?

A

Opportunistic infection after a primary infection

59
Q

What is a subclinical infection?

A

Infection with no noticeable signs or symptoms

60
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

61
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

Short period after incubation characterized by early, mild symptoms

62
Q

What is the period of illness?

A

Period when disease is most severe, characterized by overt signs and symptoms

63
Q

What is the period of decline?

A

Period when signs and symptoms subside, lasting 24 hours to several days

64
Q

What is the period of convalescence?

A

Period when body returns to its pre-diseased state and recovery has occurred.

65
Q

What is contact transmission?

A

The spread of a disease agent by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission

66
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Transmission of a disease agent by a medium such as air, water, or food

67
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Transmission of a disease agent by an animal carrying pathogens from one host to another

68
Q

What are the four types of contact transmission?

A

Direct contact, congenital, indirect contact, and droplet

69
Q

What is a nonliving object that spreads a disease causing agent to a host in indirect contact transmission?

A

Fomite

70
Q

What are the three types of vehicle transmission?

A

Airborne, waterborne, and foodborne

71
Q

What are the two general methods of vector transmission?

A

Mechanical transmission and biological transmission

72
Q

An arthropod carrying a pathogen on its feet is an example of this type of vector transmission

A

Mechanical transmission

73
Q

A pathogen reproducing in the vector, then transmitting through a bite or feces is an example of this type of vector transmission

A

Biological transmission

74
Q

These are also known as nosocomial infections

A

Healthcare-associated infections

75
Q

What is the ratio of patients affected by nosocomial infections?

A

1 in 25

76
Q

What are three factors that can result in healthcare-associated infections?

A

Microorganisms in the hospital environment; weakened status of the host; chain of transmission in a hospital

77
Q

These are diseases that are changing or new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in near future

A

Emerging infectious diseases

78
Q

What are three characteristics of most emerging infectious diseases?

A

Zoonotic, of viral origin, and vector-borne

79
Q

This is the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

A

Epidemiology

80
Q

What does descriptive epidemiology involve?

A

Collection and analysis of data

81
Q

What does analytical epidemiology involve?

A

Analysis of a particular disease to determine its probable cause

82
Q

What does experimental epidemiology involve?

A

A hypothesis and controlled experiments

83
Q

What is morbidity rate?

A

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

84
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

85
Q

What are notifiable infectious diseases?

A

Diseases whose occurrence physicians are required to report

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