microbiology ch 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are Microorganisms?
A
Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye
2
Q
What are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye?
A
Microorganisms
3
Q
What are five different types of microbe?
A
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses
4
Q
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae and viruses are examples of what?
A
Microbes
5
Q
What does pathogenic mean?
A
Disease-producing
6
Q
Can microbes decompose organic material?
A
Yes
7
Q
Can microbes generate oxygen by photosynthesis?
A
Yes
8
Q
What are four commercial applications of microbes?
A
Produce chemical products; produce fermented foods; produce manufacturing products; produce disease treatment products
9
Q
What are three chemical products produced by microbes?
A
Ethanol, acetone, vitamins
10
Q
What are three fermented foods produced by microbes?
A
Vinegar, cheese, bread
11
Q
What are two products produced by microbes that are used in manufacturing and disease treatment?
A
Cellulose and insulin
12
Q
What are three applications of microorganism knowledge?
A
Preventing food spoilage; preventing disease; preventing epidemics
13
Q
How many body cells make up an adult human?
A
30 trillion
14
Q
30 trillion body cells make up what?
A
An adult human
15
Q
How many bacterial cells does an adult human harbor?
A
40 trillion
16
Q
Does an adult human have more bacterial cells or body cells?
A
Bacterial cells (40 trillion bacterial, 30 trillion body)
17
Q
What is a human microbiome?
A
Group of microbes that live stably on/in human body
18
Q
What is the group of microbes living stably on or in the human body?
A
Microbiome
19
Q
What are three roles of the human microbiome?
A
Maintaining health; preventing pathogenic growth; training immune system
20
Q
Can the human microbiome maintain good health?
A
Yes
21
Q
Can the human microbiome prevent growth of pathogenic microbes?
A
Yes
22
Q
Can the human microbiome train the immune system to discriminate threats?
A
Yes
23
Q
Does a healthy microbiome lead to poor human health?
A
No
24
Q
Can an unhealthy human microbiome prevent pathogen growth?
A
No
25
Do newborns already have a microbiome?
No
26
When does a microbiota being to be acquired?
As a newborn
27
What type of microbiota colonizes the body indefinitely?
Normal microbiota
28
What is a "normal microbiota"?
Microbiota that colonizes body indefinitely
29
What type of microbiota colonizes the body temporarily?
Transient microbiota
30
What is a "transient microbiota"?
Microbiota that colonizes body fleetingly
31
Where on body does microbiota colonization occur?
Sites that provide nutrients and a suitable environment
32
Can microbiota colonize where there are no nutrients available?
No
33
Can microbiota colonize wherever the environment is suitable?
Yes
34
What is the goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
To determine makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
35
When did the Human Microbiome Project begin?
2007
36
This began in 2007 to determine the make up of microbiota in humans
Human Microbiome Project
37
What is the secondary goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
Understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human health
38
What is the goal of the National Microbiome Initiative?
To explore role of microbes in different ecosystems
39
When did the National Microbiome Initiative begin?
2016
40
This began in 2016 to explore the role of microbes in different ecosystems
The National Microbiome Initiative
41
When was scientific nomenclature established?
1735
42
Who established scientific nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
43
What two names does scientific nomenclature assign each organism?
Genus and specific epithet
44
This was established in 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus
Scientific nomenclature
45
What are three general rules for scientific nomenclature?
Italicized/underline; latinized and used worldwide; can either be descriptive or honor a scientist
46
Must scientific names be italicized or underlined?
Yes
47
Are scientific names only used in the U.S.?
No (worldwide)
48
Can scientific names be descriptive of the organism?
Yes
49
Can scientific names honor a scientist?
Yes
50
Are scientific names used worldwide by all scientists?
Yes
51
Who does the name Escherichia coli honor?
Theodor Escherich, the discoverer of E. coli
52
What does the species name of Escherichia coli describe?
The bacterium's habitat (large intestine/colon)
53
What does the genus name Staphylococcus describe?
Clustered (staphylo) and spherical (coccus) cells
54
What does the species name aureus describe?
Gold-colored colonies
55
Do scientific names have to written in full every time they are used?
No (may be abbreviated after first used)
56
What are seven types of microorganisms?
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites
57
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites are all types of what?
Microorganisms
58
Are bacteria prokaryotes?
Yes
59
Are bacteria multi-cellular?
No
60
Do bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls?
Yes
61
Do bacteria lack cell walls?
No
62
Are bacteria eukaryotic?
No
63
Are bacteria single-celled organisms?
Yes
64
How do bacteria divide?
Via binary fission
65
Do bacteria reproduce via binary fission?
Yes
66
How do bacteria derive nutrition?
From organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
67
Can bacteria derive nutrition from photosynthesis?
Yes
68
Can bacteria derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals?
Yes
69
How do bacteria "swim"?
Using flagella
70
What are flagella used for?
Swimming
71
Are Archaea prokaryotes?
Yes
72
Do Archaea have peptidoglycan cell walls?
No
73
Can Archaea lack cell walls entirely?
Yes
74
Can Archaea live in extreme environments?
Yes
75
What are three groups of Archaea?
Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles
76
Do Archaea typically cause disease in humans?
No
77
Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles are three groups of what?
Archaea
78
Do Archaea lack peptidoglycan cell walls?
Yes
79
Are Fungi prokaryotes?
No
80
Do fungi have a distinct nucleus surrounding DNA genetic material?
Yes
81
Do fungi have peptidoglycan cell walls?
No
82
This group of microorganism has chitin cell walls
Fungi
83
Are yeasts multicellular?
No
84
Can Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Yes
85
What type of cell walls do Fungi have?
Chitin cell walls
86
What type of Fungi are unicellular?
Yeasts
87
What type of Fungi are multicellular?
Molds and mushrooms
88
Which type of Fungi consists of masses of mycelia?
Molds
89
What are mycelia composed of?
Hyphae
90
What are hyphae?
Filaments comprising the mycelia masses that make up molds
91
Are mushrooms unicellular?
No
92
Do mushrooms have hyphae?
No
93
Do yeasts have mycelia?
No
94
Can Fungi absorb organic chemical energy?
Yes
95
Are Protozoa eukaryotic?
Yes
96
Can Protozoa absorb/ingest organic chemicals?
Yes
97
Are Protozoa always stationary?
No
98
What are three ways Protozoa can be motile?
Pseudopods, cilia, flagella
99
What are two different ways Protozoa can live?
As parasites or free-living
100
Are some Protozoa photosynthetic?
Yes
101
Can Protozoa only reproduce sexually?
No
102
Can Protozoa have pseudopods?
Yes
103
What are two ways Protozoa may reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
104
Are algae eukaryotes?
Yes
105
Do algae have chitin cell walls?
No
106
Where can algae be found?
Freshwater, saltwater, soil
107
How do algae get energy?
Photosynthesis
108
What does algae photosynthesis produce?
Oxygen and carbohydrates
109
What kind of cell walls do algae have?
Cellulose
110
Can algae be found in saltwater?
Yes
111
Can algae reproduce asexually?
Yes
112
Do algae produce oxygen?
Yes
113
Are algae prokaryotic?
No
114
Are viruses prokaryotic?
No
115
What is a virus core made of?
DNA or RNA
116
Are viruses acellular?
Yes
117
What surrounds the core of a virus?
Protein coat
118
What can enclose the protein coat of a virus?
Lipid envelope
119
Can viruses replicate outside of a living host cell?
No
120
Is a virus' core enclosed in chitin?
No
121
Are viruses inert outside of living hosts?
Yes
122
Does a virus have a nucleus?
No
123
Do multicellular animal parasites have nuclei?
Yes
124
These microorganisms are not *strictly* microorganisms
Multicellular animal parasites
125
These are called helminths
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms
126
Do some multicellular animal parasites have microscopic life stages?
Yes
127
Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes?
No
128
Who developed microorganism classification in 1978?
Carl Woese
129
What are the three domains of microorganisms?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
130
What four groups fall under Eukarya?
Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals
131
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya are what types of group?
Domains
132
Protists and Plants fall under what domain?
Eukarya
133
Are bacteria and fungi members of the same domain?
No
134
Are animals and protists members of the same domain?
Yes
135
Are multicellular animal parasites and plants members of the same domain?
Yes
136
Are archaea and protists members of the same domain?
No
137
Are archaea and bacteria members of the same domain?
No
138
Are fungi and algae members of the same domain?
Yes
139
When did Robert Hooke discover cells?
1665
140
What is cell theory?
All living things are composed of cells
141
Who observed the first microbes from 1623 to 1673?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
142
What did the discoverer of microbes call them?
Animalcules
143
Who discovered that living things are made of cells?
Robert Hooke
144
What states that all living things are made up of cells?
Cell theory
145
What are "animalcules"?
Microbes, as called by Anton van Leeuwenhoek
146
When did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do his work on microbes?
1623-1673
147
Whose discoveries marked the beginning of cell theory?
Robert Hooke
148
These were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Microbes
149
Robert Hooke named cells based on what aspect of their appearance?
Resemblance to little boxes
150
What is spontaneous generation?
Hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter and requires a "vital force"
151
What is biogenesis?
Hypothesis that living cells only arise from preexisting living cells
152
What is the hypothesis that life can come from nonliving material?
Spontaneous generation
153
What is the hypothesis that living cells can only come from other living cells?
Biogenesis
154
This hypothesis requires a "vital force" for life
Spontaneous generation hypothesis
155
Who studied spontaneous generation in 1668?
Francesco Redi
156
How did Francesco Redi conduct his experiment?
By filling jars with decaying meat
157
What type of jar grew maggots in Francesco Redi's experiment?
Opened jars
158
Did sealed jars produce maggots in Francesco Redi's experiments?
No
159
Did jars covered with fine net produce maggots in Francesco Redi's experiments?
No
160
What year did Francesco Redi carry out his experiment?
1668
161
Which hypotheses were Francesco Redi studying in 1668?
Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis
162
This scientist placed decaying meat in jars in 1668 to study spontaneous generation versus biogenesis
Francesco Redi
163
Who studied spontaneous generation vs biogenesis in 1745?
John Needham
164
How did John Needham conduct his experiment?
By heating nutrient broth then placing it in a covered flask
165
Who studied microbes in 1745 by placing heated broth in a flask?
John Needham
166
Did John Needham see microbial growth in his sealed flask?
Yes
167
Who studied spontaneous generation in 1765?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
168
How did Lazzaro Spallanzani conduct his experiments?
By placing broth in flask, sealing, then heating
169
Did Lazzaro Spallanzani see any microbial growth in his sealed and heated flask?
No
170
What year did Lazzaro Spallanzani conduct his experiments?
1765
171
Who sealed and then boiled nutrient broth in flasks in 1765?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
172
Who came up with the theory of biogenesis in 1858?
Rudolf Virchow
173
What did Rudolf Virchow posit in 1858?
Theory of biogenesis
174
When did Rudol Virchow put forth his theory of biogenesis?
1858
175
When did Louis Pasteur demonstrate that microorganisms are present in the air?
1861
176
When did Louis Pasteur show that microorganisms are in the air?
1861
177
Where do microorganisms originate?
In air or fluids
178
When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
1857-1914
179
Whose work began the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
180
What kind of discoveries happened during the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs
181
This took place from 1857 to 1914
The Golden Age of Microbiology
182
This period led to discoveries about microbial diseases, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
The Golden Age of Microbiology
183
Did Louis Pasteur show that microbes are responsible for fermentation?
Yes
184
What is fermentation?
Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air
185
Is microbial growth responsible for food and beverage spoilage?
Yes
186
How do bacteria that use air spoil wine?
By turning it into vinegar (acetic acid)
187
Who showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
188
What is the conversion of sugar to alcohol by microbes in absence of air?
Fermentation
189
What is responsible for the spoilage of food and beverages?
Microbial growth
190
Can microbes ferment wine in the presence of air?
No
191
What is Pasteurization?
Application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in a beverage
192
Who demonstrated that bacteria could be killed in wine by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol?
Louis Pasteur
193
What is the application of high heat to kill bacteria in beverages?
Pasteurization
194
What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
Pathogens can lead to disease
195
What is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases?
Germ Theory of Disease
196
What states that microorganisms known as pathogens can cause disease?
Germ Theory of Disease
197
Who used a chemical antiseptic in the 1860s to prevent surgical wound infections?
Joseph Lister
198
How did Joseph Lister apply Pasteur's work to prevent surgical wound infections?
By using a chemical antiseptic (phenol)
199
When did Joseph Lister use phenol to prevent surgical infections?
1860s
200
Who discovered in 1896 that a bacterium causes anthrax?
Robert Koch
201
What do Koch's postulates demonstrate?
That a specific microbe can cause a specific disease
202
When did Robert Koch discover that a bacterium causes anthrax?
1896
203
What experimental steps show that a specific microbe causes a specific disease?
Koch's postulate
204
What did Robert Koch demonstrate?
That specific diseases can be caused by a specific microbe
205
What year was it discovered that anthrax is caused by a specific bacterium?
1896
206
When did Edward Jenner inoculate a person with cowpox virus to give them smallpox immunity?
1796
207
What is the word vaccination derived from?
Vacca, Latin for cow
208
What disease did Edward Jenner inoculate against in 1796?
Smallpox
209
Why did the Latin word "vacca" become the basis for the word "vaccination"?
Edward Jenner used the cowpox virus to inoculate against smallpox
210
What did Edward Jenner develop in 1796?
Inoculation against smallpox
211
What is chemotherapy?
Treatment of disease with chemicals
212
What are two examples of chemotherapeutic agents?
Synthetic drugs and antibiotics
213
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals produced by bacteria/fungi that inhibit/kill other microbes
214
What is the treatment of disease using chemicals?
Chemotherapy
215
Synthetic drugs and antibiotics are examples of what?
Chemotherapeutic agents
216
Chemicals produced by bacteria or fungi that kill or inhibit other microbes are known as what?
Antibiotics
217
What was an early drug used to treat malaria?
Quinine
218
Who speculated about a "magic bullet" that could kill pathogens without harming host?
Paul Ehrlich
219
What did Paul Ehrlich develop in 1910?
Synthetic arsenic drug (salvarsan), used to treat syphilis
220
When were sulfonamides synthesized?
1930s
221
What was quinine long used to treat?
Malaria
222
What did Paul Ehrlich try to develop?
A "magic bullet" to kill pathogens without harming hosts
223
What is salvarsan?
A synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis
224
Who developed salvarsan?
Paul Ehrlich
225
When was salvarsan developed?
1910
226
These drugs were synthesized in 1930s
Sulfonamides
227
What disease did Paul Ehrlich create a drug to treat?
Syphilis
228
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
229
What did Fleming observe that killed S. aureus?
An antibiotic from the Penicillium fungus
230
When was Penicillin first tested and mass-produced?
1940s
231
When did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?
1928
232
Was Alexander Fleming trying to develop an antibiotic from Penicillium fungus?
No
233
What bacteria did Fleming discover was killed by Penicillium?
S. aureus
234
In the 1940s, this drug was tested clinically and mass-produced
Penicillin
235
Can overuse of antimicrobials cause resistance?
Yes
236
Are some antimicrobial drugs toxic to humans?
Yes
237
Are antivirals especially toxic to humans?
Yes
238
When was the Third Golden Age of Microbiology?
Late 1980s to present
239
When were new branches of microbiology created?
During the Third Golden Age of Microbiology (late 1980s to present)
240
What antimicrobial drugs are especially toxic to humans?
Antivirals
241
This time period led to new branches of microbiology
Late 1980s to present (Third Golden Age of Microbiology)
242
What is the study of bacteria?
Bacteriology
243
What is the study of Fungi?
Mycology
244
What is Parasitology?
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms
245
What is Mycology?
The study of Fungi
246
What are three fields of microorganism study?
Bacteriology, mycology and parasitology
247
What is the study of protozoa/parasitic worms?
Parasitology
248
What is immunology?
Study of immunity
249
What does immunology entail?
Use of vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases
250
What is the study of immunity called?
Immunology
251
What are used to prevent/cure viral diseases?
Vaccines and interferons
252
Vaccines and interferons are used in what broader field of study?
Immunology
253
What is virology?
Study of viruses
254
Which two scientists discovered that mosaic disease in tobacco is caused by a virus?
Dmitri Iwanowski (1892) and Wendell Stanley (1935)
255
What devices have made it possible to study virus structure in detail?
Electron microscopes
256
What is the study of viruses?
Virology
257
Dmitri Iwanowski and Wendell Stanley discovered the viral cause of what disease?
Mosaic disease
258
What plant is affected by mosaic disease?
Tobacco
259
What is microbial genetics?
Study of how microbes inherit traits
260
What is molecular biology?
Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
261
What is genomics?
Study of an organism's genes
262
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA from two different sources
263
Who inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA to get bacteria to produce an animal protein?
Paul Berg
264
What is the study of how microbes inherit traits?
Microbial genetics
265
What is the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis?
Molecular biology
266
What is the study of an organism's genes?
Genomics
267
What is DNA made from two different sources?
Recombinant DNA
268
When did Paul Berg conduct his work?
1960
269
What has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms?
Genomics
270
What happened when Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacteria?
The bacteria produced animal protein
271
Who showed that genes encode a cell's enzymes?
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
272
Who proposed a model of DNA structure?
James Watson and Francis Crick
273
Who showed that DNA is the hereditary material?
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty
274
Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
275
What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum show?
That genes encode a cell's enzymes
276
What did James Watson and Francis Crick propose?
Structure of DNA
277
What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show?
That DNA is the hereditary material
278
What did Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod discover?
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis
279
What is microbial ecology?
Study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment
280
What 5 elements do bacteria convert into forms usable by plants and animals?
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
281
What is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment?
Microbial ecology
282
What can convert carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus into usable forms for plants and animals?
Bacteria
283
What is the composition of sewage?
99.9% water and a few hundredths of a percent of suspended solids
284
What does sewage treatment do?
Remove undesirable components so water can be released/reused
285
How are large solids removed?
Physical removal
286
What are used to convert liquid and organic material?
Microbes
287
What is made up of 99.9% water and a few hundredths of a percent of suspended solids?
Sewage
288
What removes undesirable components from water so it can be reused/released?
Sewage treatment
289
What is physically removed from sewage?
Large solids
290
How are microbes used in sewage treatment?
To remove leftover liquid/organic material to byproducts such as carbon dioxide
291
What is bioremediation?
Use of microbes to clean up pollutants
292
What degrades organic matter in sewage?
Bacteria
293
What are two pollutants that bacteria can degrade?
Oil and mercury
294
What is the use of microbes to clean up pollutants?
Bioremediation
295
Can pathogenic microbes be used as chemical pesticide alternatives?
Yes
296
What bacteria can fatally infect insects but is harmless to plants/animals?
Bacillus thuringiensis
297
How do Bacillus thuringiensis kill insects?
By producing toxic protein crystals
298
Can Bacillus thuringiensis's toxin gene be inserted into plants?
Yes
299
Do plants with the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene have insect resistance?
Yes
300
What is biotechnology?
Use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals
301
What does recombinant DNA technology do?
Enables bacteria/fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes
302
What does gene therapy allow?
Replacement of missing/defective genes in human cells
303
What are used to protect crops from insects/freezing?
Genetically modified bacteria
304
What is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals?
Biotechnology
305
What enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes?
Recombinant DNA technology
306
What allows missing or defective genes in humans cells to be replaced?
Gene therapy
307
What are microbes that are typically present in/on human body?
Normal microbiota
308
Do normal microbiota encourage pathogen growth?
No
309
Do normal microbiota produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K?
Yes
310
What is resistance?
Ability of body to ward off disease
311
What are three examples of resistance factors?
Skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
312
What are normal microbiota?
Microbes that are present normally in and on human body
313
Do normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens?
Yes
314
What are two examples of vitamins produced by normal microbiota?
Vitamin B and vitamin K
315
Skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals are examples of what?
Resistance factors
316
What is a biofilm?
Mass of microbes attached to solid surface
317
What are four examples of biofilm substrates?
Rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants
318
Can biofilms cause infections?
Yes
319
Are biofilms usually susceptible to antibiotics?
No
320
What are microbes that attach to solid surfaces and form masses?
Biofilms
321
These will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants, and other substrates
Biofilms
322
Are biofilms always harmless?
No
323
Are biofilms often antibiotic-resistant?
Yes
324
What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?
New disease or disease increasing in incidence
325
What are new diseases or diseases that are increasing in incidence?
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
326
What virus was discovered in 1947 in Uganda?
Zika virus
327
This virus caused epidemics in Micronesia in 2007 and in French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013-2015
Zika virus
328
How is the Zika virus spread?
Aedes mosquito or sexual contact
329
Can Zika virus infection cause severe birth defects?
Yes
330
Where was the Zika virus discovered?
Uganda
331
When was the Zika virus discovered?
1947
332
This virus can be spread through sexual contact or by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito
Zika virus
333
Where did the Zika virus cause epidemics in 2007 and in 2013-2015?
Micronesia and French Polynesia/Brazil
334
Is Zika virus infection relatively harmless to pregnancies?
No
335
What is MERS?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
336
What causes MERS?
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
337
What is SARS?
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
338
What disease has caused 1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
339
This disease is caused by MERS-CoV
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
340
How many deaths has MERS caused since 2014?
630
341
How many cases of MERS have been confirmed since 2014?
1,800
342
What disease is also known as swine flu?
H1N1 Influenza
343
When was H1N1 Influenza first detected in U.S.?
2009
344
Was swine flu declared a pandemic by WHO in 2009?
Yes
345
What disease is also known as Avian Influenza A?
H5N1
346
Is H5N1 an Influenza A virus?
Yes
347
What is H5N1 commonly found in?
Waterfowl and poultry
348
Has human-to-human transmission of H5N1 occurred yet?
No
349
What is H1N1 Influenza commonly known as?
Swine flu
350
Was swine flu first detected in the U.S. in 1995?
No
351
Was swine flu declared a pandemic by the WHO?
Yes
352
Waterfowl and poultry primarily host this virus
H5N1 (Avian Influenza A)
353
Has swine flu human-to-human transmission occurred?
Yes
354
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
355
When did MRSA develop penicillin resistance?
1950s
356
When did MRSA develop methicillin resistance?
1980s
357
When did MRSA develop vancomycin resistance?
1990s
358
What is VISA?
Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
359
What is VRSA?
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
360
This bacteria developed methicilin resistance in the 1980s
MRSA (Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
361
What is EHF?
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
362
What virus causes EHF?
Ebola virus
363
What symptoms does Ebola virus cause?
Fever, hemorrhaging, blood clotting
364
How is Ebola virus transmitted?
Blood/body fluid contact
365
Where was Ebola virus first identified?
Congo (Ebola River)
366
When did an Ebola virus outbreak occur in Guinea, infecting over 28,000?
2014
367
Ebola virus causes this disease
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
368
This virus causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clots
Ebola virus
369
This virus is transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids
Ebola virus
370
The 2014 Ebola virus outbreak that infected 28,000 people occurred where?
Guinea
371
What virus causes a similar hemorrhagic fever to Ebola?
Marburg Virus
372
Where did the Marburg virus orginate?
Europe
373
This virus caused 13 outbreaks in Africa between 1975 and 2016
Marburg virus
374
This virus caused 57% mortality over 13 outbreaks in Africa
Marburg virus
375
This animal is a natural reservoir for the Marburg virus (and possibly also the Ebola virus)
African fruit bat
376
What kind of disease does the Marburg virus cause?
Hemorrhagic fever
377
The first cases of this virus were found in lab workers handling green monkeys from Uganda
Marburg virus
378
African fruit bats are a natural reservoir for which two viruses?
Marburg and Ebola viruses
