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microbiology ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

What are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye?

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

What are five different types of microbe?

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

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4
Q

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae and viruses are examples of what?

A

Microbes

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5
Q

What does pathogenic mean?

A

Disease-producing

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6
Q

Can microbes decompose organic material?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Can microbes generate oxygen by photosynthesis?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are four commercial applications of microbes?

A

Produce chemical products; produce fermented foods; produce manufacturing products; produce disease treatment products

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9
Q

What are three chemical products produced by microbes?

A

Ethanol, acetone, vitamins

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10
Q

What are three fermented foods produced by microbes?

A

Vinegar, cheese, bread

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11
Q

What are two products produced by microbes that are used in manufacturing and disease treatment?

A

Cellulose and insulin

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12
Q

What are three applications of microorganism knowledge?

A

Preventing food spoilage; preventing disease; preventing epidemics

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13
Q

How many body cells make up an adult human?

A

30 trillion

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14
Q

30 trillion body cells make up what?

A

An adult human

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15
Q

How many bacterial cells does an adult human harbor?

A

40 trillion

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16
Q

Does an adult human have more bacterial cells or body cells?

A

Bacterial cells (40 trillion bacterial, 30 trillion body)

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17
Q

What is a human microbiome?

A

Group of microbes that live stably on/in human body

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18
Q

What is the group of microbes living stably on or in the human body?

A

Microbiome

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19
Q

What are three roles of the human microbiome?

A

Maintaining health; preventing pathogenic growth; training immune system

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20
Q

Can the human microbiome maintain good health?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Can the human microbiome prevent growth of pathogenic microbes?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Can the human microbiome train the immune system to discriminate threats?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Does a healthy microbiome lead to poor human health?

A

No

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24
Q

Can an unhealthy human microbiome prevent pathogen growth?

A

No

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25
Q

Do newborns already have a microbiome?

A

No

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26
Q

When does a microbiota being to be acquired?

A

As a newborn

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27
Q

What type of microbiota colonizes the body indefinitely?

A

Normal microbiota

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28
Q

What is a “normal microbiota”?

A

Microbiota that colonizes body indefinitely

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29
Q

What type of microbiota colonizes the body temporarily?

A

Transient microbiota

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30
Q

What is a “transient microbiota”?

A

Microbiota that colonizes body fleetingly

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31
Q

Where on body does microbiota colonization occur?

A

Sites that provide nutrients and a suitable environment

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32
Q

Can microbiota colonize where there are no nutrients available?

A

No

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33
Q

Can microbiota colonize wherever the environment is suitable?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What is the goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

A

To determine makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body

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35
Q

When did the Human Microbiome Project begin?

A

2007

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36
Q

This began in 2007 to determine the make up of microbiota in humans

A

Human Microbiome Project

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37
Q

What is the secondary goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human health

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38
Q

What is the goal of the National Microbiome Initiative?

A

To explore role of microbes in different ecosystems

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39
Q

When did the National Microbiome Initiative begin?

A

2016

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40
Q

This began in 2016 to explore the role of microbes in different ecosystems

A

The National Microbiome Initiative

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41
Q

When was scientific nomenclature established?

A

1735

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42
Q

Who established scientific nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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43
Q

What two names does scientific nomenclature assign each organism?

A

Genus and specific epithet

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44
Q

This was established in 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus

A

Scientific nomenclature

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45
Q

What are three general rules for scientific nomenclature?

A

Italicized/underline; latinized and used worldwide; can either be descriptive or honor a scientist

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46
Q

Must scientific names be italicized or underlined?

A

Yes

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47
Q

Are scientific names only used in the U.S.?

A

No (worldwide)

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48
Q

Can scientific names be descriptive of the organism?

A

Yes

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49
Q

Can scientific names honor a scientist?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Are scientific names used worldwide by all scientists?

A

Yes

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51
Q

Who does the name Escherichia coli honor?

A

Theodor Escherich, the discoverer of E. coli

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52
Q

What does the species name of Escherichia coli describe?

A

The bacterium’s habitat (large intestine/colon)

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53
Q

What does the genus name Staphylococcus describe?

A

Clustered (staphylo) and spherical (coccus) cells

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54
Q

What does the species name aureus describe?

A

Gold-colored colonies

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55
Q

Do scientific names have to written in full every time they are used?

A

No (may be abbreviated after first used)

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56
Q

What are seven types of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites

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57
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites are all types of what?

A

Microorganisms

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58
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes?

A

Yes

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59
Q

Are bacteria multi-cellular?

A

No

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60
Q

Do bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Yes

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61
Q

Do bacteria lack cell walls?

A

No

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62
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotic?

A

No

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63
Q

Are bacteria single-celled organisms?

A

Yes

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64
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Via binary fission

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65
Q

Do bacteria reproduce via binary fission?

A

Yes

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66
Q

How do bacteria derive nutrition?

A

From organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

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67
Q

Can bacteria derive nutrition from photosynthesis?

A

Yes

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68
Q

Can bacteria derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals?

A

Yes

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69
Q

How do bacteria “swim”?

A

Using flagella

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70
Q

What are flagella used for?

A

Swimming

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71
Q

Are Archaea prokaryotes?

A

Yes

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72
Q

Do Archaea have peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

No

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73
Q

Can Archaea lack cell walls entirely?

A

Yes

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74
Q

Can Archaea live in extreme environments?

A

Yes

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75
Q

What are three groups of Archaea?

A

Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

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76
Q

Do Archaea typically cause disease in humans?

A

No

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77
Q

Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles are three groups of what?

A

Archaea

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78
Q

Do Archaea lack peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Yes

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79
Q

Are Fungi prokaryotes?

A

No

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80
Q

Do fungi have a distinct nucleus surrounding DNA genetic material?

A

Yes

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81
Q

Do fungi have peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

No

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82
Q

This group of microorganism has chitin cell walls

A

Fungi

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83
Q

Are yeasts multicellular?

A

No

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84
Q

Can Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

Yes

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85
Q

What type of cell walls do Fungi have?

A

Chitin cell walls

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86
Q

What type of Fungi are unicellular?

A

Yeasts

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87
Q

What type of Fungi are multicellular?

A

Molds and mushrooms

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88
Q

Which type of Fungi consists of masses of mycelia?

A

Molds

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89
Q

What are mycelia composed of?

A

Hyphae

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90
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Filaments comprising the mycelia masses that make up molds

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91
Q

Are mushrooms unicellular?

A

No

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92
Q

Do mushrooms have hyphae?

A

No

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93
Q

Do yeasts have mycelia?

A

No

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94
Q

Can Fungi absorb organic chemical energy?

A

Yes

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95
Q

Are Protozoa eukaryotic?

A

Yes

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96
Q

Can Protozoa absorb/ingest organic chemicals?

A

Yes

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97
Q

Are Protozoa always stationary?

A

No

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98
Q

What are three ways Protozoa can be motile?

A

Pseudopods, cilia, flagella

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99
Q

What are two different ways Protozoa can live?

A

As parasites or free-living

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100
Q

Are some Protozoa photosynthetic?

A

Yes

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101
Q

Can Protozoa only reproduce sexually?

A

No

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102
Q

Can Protozoa have pseudopods?

A

Yes

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103
Q

What are two ways Protozoa may reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

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104
Q

Are algae eukaryotes?

A

Yes

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105
Q

Do algae have chitin cell walls?

A

No

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106
Q

Where can algae be found?

A

Freshwater, saltwater, soil

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107
Q

How do algae get energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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108
Q

What does algae photosynthesis produce?

A

Oxygen and carbohydrates

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109
Q

What kind of cell walls do algae have?

A

Cellulose

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110
Q

Can algae be found in saltwater?

A

Yes

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111
Q

Can algae reproduce asexually?

A

Yes

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112
Q

Do algae produce oxygen?

A

Yes

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113
Q

Are algae prokaryotic?

A

No

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114
Q

Are viruses prokaryotic?

A

No

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115
Q

What is a virus core made of?

A

DNA or RNA

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116
Q

Are viruses acellular?

A

Yes

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117
Q

What surrounds the core of a virus?

A

Protein coat

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118
Q

What can enclose the protein coat of a virus?

A

Lipid envelope

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119
Q

Can viruses replicate outside of a living host cell?

A

No

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120
Q

Is a virus’ core enclosed in chitin?

A

No

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121
Q

Are viruses inert outside of living hosts?

A

Yes

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122
Q

Does a virus have a nucleus?

A

No

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123
Q

Do multicellular animal parasites have nuclei?

A

Yes

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124
Q

These microorganisms are not strictly microorganisms

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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125
Q

These are called helminths

A

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms

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126
Q

Do some multicellular animal parasites have microscopic life stages?

A

Yes

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127
Q

Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes?

A

No

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128
Q

Who developed microorganism classification in 1978?

A

Carl Woese

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129
Q

What are the three domains of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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130
Q

What four groups fall under Eukarya?

A

Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals

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131
Q

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya are what types of group?

A

Domains

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132
Q

Protists and Plants fall under what domain?

A

Eukarya

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133
Q

Are bacteria and fungi members of the same domain?

A

No

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134
Q

Are animals and protists members of the same domain?

A

Yes

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135
Q

Are multicellular animal parasites and plants members of the same domain?

A

Yes

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136
Q

Are archaea and protists members of the same domain?

A

No

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137
Q

Are archaea and bacteria members of the same domain?

A

No

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138
Q

Are fungi and algae members of the same domain?

A

Yes

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139
Q

When did Robert Hooke discover cells?

A

1665

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140
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells

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141
Q

Who observed the first microbes from 1623 to 1673?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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142
Q

What did the discoverer of microbes call them?

A

Animalcules

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143
Q

Who discovered that living things are made of cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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144
Q

What states that all living things are made up of cells?

A

Cell theory

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145
Q

What are “animalcules”?

A

Microbes, as called by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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146
Q

When did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do his work on microbes?

A

1623-1673

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147
Q

Whose discoveries marked the beginning of cell theory?

A

Robert Hooke

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148
Q

These were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Microbes

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149
Q

Robert Hooke named cells based on what aspect of their appearance?

A

Resemblance to little boxes

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150
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter and requires a “vital force”

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151
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

Hypothesis that living cells only arise from preexisting living cells

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152
Q

What is the hypothesis that life can come from nonliving material?

A

Spontaneous generation

153
Q

What is the hypothesis that living cells can only come from other living cells?

A

Biogenesis

154
Q

This hypothesis requires a “vital force” for life

A

Spontaneous generation hypothesis

155
Q

Who studied spontaneous generation in 1668?

A

Francesco Redi

156
Q

How did Francesco Redi conduct his experiment?

A

By filling jars with decaying meat

157
Q

What type of jar grew maggots in Francesco Redi’s experiment?

A

Opened jars

158
Q

Did sealed jars produce maggots in Francesco Redi’s experiments?

A

No

159
Q

Did jars covered with fine net produce maggots in Francesco Redi’s experiments?

A

No

160
Q

What year did Francesco Redi carry out his experiment?

A

1668

161
Q

Which hypotheses were Francesco Redi studying in 1668?

A

Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis

162
Q

This scientist placed decaying meat in jars in 1668 to study spontaneous generation versus biogenesis

A

Francesco Redi

163
Q

Who studied spontaneous generation vs biogenesis in 1745?

A

John Needham

164
Q

How did John Needham conduct his experiment?

A

By heating nutrient broth then placing it in a covered flask

165
Q

Who studied microbes in 1745 by placing heated broth in a flask?

A

John Needham

166
Q

Did John Needham see microbial growth in his sealed flask?

A

Yes

167
Q

Who studied spontaneous generation in 1765?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

168
Q

How did Lazzaro Spallanzani conduct his experiments?

A

By placing broth in flask, sealing, then heating

169
Q

Did Lazzaro Spallanzani see any microbial growth in his sealed and heated flask?

A

No

170
Q

What year did Lazzaro Spallanzani conduct his experiments?

A

1765

171
Q

Who sealed and then boiled nutrient broth in flasks in 1765?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

172
Q

Who came up with the theory of biogenesis in 1858?

A

Rudolf Virchow

173
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow posit in 1858?

A

Theory of biogenesis

174
Q

When did Rudol Virchow put forth his theory of biogenesis?

A

1858

175
Q

When did Louis Pasteur demonstrate that microorganisms are present in the air?

A

1861

176
Q

When did Louis Pasteur show that microorganisms are in the air?

A

1861

177
Q

Where do microorganisms originate?

A

In air or fluids

178
Q

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

1857-1914

179
Q

Whose work began the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

Louis Pasteur

180
Q

What kind of discoveries happened during the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

Relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs

181
Q

This took place from 1857 to 1914

A

The Golden Age of Microbiology

182
Q

This period led to discoveries about microbial diseases, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

A

The Golden Age of Microbiology

183
Q

Did Louis Pasteur show that microbes are responsible for fermentation?

A

Yes

184
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air

185
Q

Is microbial growth responsible for food and beverage spoilage?

A

Yes

186
Q

How do bacteria that use air spoil wine?

A

By turning it into vinegar (acetic acid)

187
Q

Who showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation?

A

Louis Pasteur

188
Q

What is the conversion of sugar to alcohol by microbes in absence of air?

A

Fermentation

189
Q

What is responsible for the spoilage of food and beverages?

A

Microbial growth

190
Q

Can microbes ferment wine in the presence of air?

A

No

191
Q

What is Pasteurization?

A

Application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in a beverage

192
Q

Who demonstrated that bacteria could be killed in wine by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol?

A

Louis Pasteur

193
Q

What is the application of high heat to kill bacteria in beverages?

A

Pasteurization

194
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Pathogens can lead to disease

195
Q

What is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases?

A

Germ Theory of Disease

196
Q

What states that microorganisms known as pathogens can cause disease?

A

Germ Theory of Disease

197
Q

Who used a chemical antiseptic in the 1860s to prevent surgical wound infections?

A

Joseph Lister

198
Q

How did Joseph Lister apply Pasteur’s work to prevent surgical wound infections?

A

By using a chemical antiseptic (phenol)

199
Q

When did Joseph Lister use phenol to prevent surgical infections?

A

1860s

200
Q

Who discovered in 1896 that a bacterium causes anthrax?

A

Robert Koch

201
Q

What do Koch’s postulates demonstrate?

A

That a specific microbe can cause a specific disease

202
Q

When did Robert Koch discover that a bacterium causes anthrax?

A

1896

203
Q

What experimental steps show that a specific microbe causes a specific disease?

A

Koch’s postulate

204
Q

What did Robert Koch demonstrate?

A

That specific diseases can be caused by a specific microbe

205
Q

What year was it discovered that anthrax is caused by a specific bacterium?

A

1896

206
Q

When did Edward Jenner inoculate a person with cowpox virus to give them smallpox immunity?

A

1796

207
Q

What is the word vaccination derived from?

A

Vacca, Latin for cow

208
Q

What disease did Edward Jenner inoculate against in 1796?

A

Smallpox

209
Q

Why did the Latin word “vacca” become the basis for the word “vaccination”?

A

Edward Jenner used the cowpox virus to inoculate against smallpox

210
Q

What did Edward Jenner develop in 1796?

A

Inoculation against smallpox

211
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Treatment of disease with chemicals

212
Q

What are two examples of chemotherapeutic agents?

A

Synthetic drugs and antibiotics

213
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals produced by bacteria/fungi that inhibit/kill other microbes

214
Q

What is the treatment of disease using chemicals?

A

Chemotherapy

215
Q

Synthetic drugs and antibiotics are examples of what?

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

216
Q

Chemicals produced by bacteria or fungi that kill or inhibit other microbes are known as what?

A

Antibiotics

217
Q

What was an early drug used to treat malaria?

A

Quinine

218
Q

Who speculated about a “magic bullet” that could kill pathogens without harming host?

A

Paul Ehrlich

219
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich develop in 1910?

A

Synthetic arsenic drug (salvarsan), used to treat syphilis

220
Q

When were sulfonamides synthesized?

A

1930s

221
Q

What was quinine long used to treat?

A

Malaria

222
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich try to develop?

A

A “magic bullet” to kill pathogens without harming hosts

223
Q

What is salvarsan?

A

A synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis

224
Q

Who developed salvarsan?

A

Paul Ehrlich

225
Q

When was salvarsan developed?

A

1910

226
Q

These drugs were synthesized in 1930s

A

Sulfonamides

227
Q

What disease did Paul Ehrlich create a drug to treat?

A

Syphilis

228
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming

229
Q

What did Fleming observe that killed S. aureus?

A

An antibiotic from the Penicillium fungus

230
Q

When was Penicillin first tested and mass-produced?

A

1940s

231
Q

When did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?

A

1928

232
Q

Was Alexander Fleming trying to develop an antibiotic from Penicillium fungus?

A

No

233
Q

What bacteria did Fleming discover was killed by Penicillium?

A

S. aureus

234
Q

In the 1940s, this drug was tested clinically and mass-produced

A

Penicillin

235
Q

Can overuse of antimicrobials cause resistance?

A

Yes

236
Q

Are some antimicrobial drugs toxic to humans?

A

Yes

237
Q

Are antivirals especially toxic to humans?

A

Yes

238
Q

When was the Third Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

Late 1980s to present

239
Q

When were new branches of microbiology created?

A

During the Third Golden Age of Microbiology (late 1980s to present)

240
Q

What antimicrobial drugs are especially toxic to humans?

A

Antivirals

241
Q

This time period led to new branches of microbiology

A

Late 1980s to present (Third Golden Age of Microbiology)

242
Q

What is the study of bacteria?

A

Bacteriology

243
Q

What is the study of Fungi?

A

Mycology

244
Q

What is Parasitology?

A

Study of protozoa and parasitic worms

245
Q

What is Mycology?

A

The study of Fungi

246
Q

What are three fields of microorganism study?

A

Bacteriology, mycology and parasitology

247
Q

What is the study of protozoa/parasitic worms?

A

Parasitology

248
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of immunity

249
Q

What does immunology entail?

A

Use of vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases

250
Q

What is the study of immunity called?

A

Immunology

251
Q

What are used to prevent/cure viral diseases?

A

Vaccines and interferons

252
Q

Vaccines and interferons are used in what broader field of study?

A

Immunology

253
Q

What is virology?

A

Study of viruses

254
Q

Which two scientists discovered that mosaic disease in tobacco is caused by a virus?

A

Dmitri Iwanowski (1892) and Wendell Stanley (1935)

255
Q

What devices have made it possible to study virus structure in detail?

A

Electron microscopes

256
Q

What is the study of viruses?

A

Virology

257
Q

Dmitri Iwanowski and Wendell Stanley discovered the viral cause of what disease?

A

Mosaic disease

258
Q

What plant is affected by mosaic disease?

A

Tobacco

259
Q

What is microbial genetics?

A

Study of how microbes inherit traits

260
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

261
Q

What is genomics?

A

Study of an organism’s genes

262
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA from two different sources

263
Q

Who inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA to get bacteria to produce an animal protein?

A

Paul Berg

264
Q

What is the study of how microbes inherit traits?

A

Microbial genetics

265
Q

What is the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis?

A

Molecular biology

266
Q

What is the study of an organism’s genes?

A

Genomics

267
Q

What is DNA made from two different sources?

A

Recombinant DNA

268
Q

When did Paul Berg conduct his work?

A

1960

269
Q

What has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms?

A

Genomics

270
Q

What happened when Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacteria?

A

The bacteria produced animal protein

271
Q

Who showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?

A

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

272
Q

Who proposed a model of DNA structure?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

273
Q

Who showed that DNA is the hereditary material?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty

274
Q

Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

275
Q

What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum show?

A

That genes encode a cell’s enzymes

276
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick propose?

A

Structure of DNA

277
Q

What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show?

A

That DNA is the hereditary material

278
Q

What did Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod discover?

A

Role of mRNA in protein synthesis

279
Q

What is microbial ecology?

A

Study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment

280
Q

What 5 elements do bacteria convert into forms usable by plants and animals?

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

281
Q

What is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment?

A

Microbial ecology

282
Q

What can convert carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus into usable forms for plants and animals?

A

Bacteria

283
Q

What is the composition of sewage?

A

99.9% water and a few hundredths of a percent of suspended solids

284
Q

What does sewage treatment do?

A

Remove undesirable components so water can be released/reused

285
Q

How are large solids removed?

A

Physical removal

286
Q

What are used to convert liquid and organic material?

A

Microbes

287
Q

What is made up of 99.9% water and a few hundredths of a percent of suspended solids?

A

Sewage

288
Q

What removes undesirable components from water so it can be reused/released?

A

Sewage treatment

289
Q

What is physically removed from sewage?

A

Large solids

290
Q

How are microbes used in sewage treatment?

A

To remove leftover liquid/organic material to byproducts such as carbon dioxide

291
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Use of microbes to clean up pollutants

292
Q

What degrades organic matter in sewage?

A

Bacteria

293
Q

What are two pollutants that bacteria can degrade?

A

Oil and mercury

294
Q

What is the use of microbes to clean up pollutants?

A

Bioremediation

295
Q

Can pathogenic microbes be used as chemical pesticide alternatives?

A

Yes

296
Q

What bacteria can fatally infect insects but is harmless to plants/animals?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

297
Q

How do Bacillus thuringiensis kill insects?

A

By producing toxic protein crystals

298
Q

Can Bacillus thuringiensis’s toxin gene be inserted into plants?

A

Yes

299
Q

Do plants with the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene have insect resistance?

A

Yes

300
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

301
Q

What does recombinant DNA technology do?

A

Enables bacteria/fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

302
Q

What does gene therapy allow?

A

Replacement of missing/defective genes in human cells

303
Q

What are used to protect crops from insects/freezing?

A

Genetically modified bacteria

304
Q

What is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals?

A

Biotechnology

305
Q

What enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

306
Q

What allows missing or defective genes in humans cells to be replaced?

A

Gene therapy

307
Q

What are microbes that are typically present in/on human body?

A

Normal microbiota

308
Q

Do normal microbiota encourage pathogen growth?

A

No

309
Q

Do normal microbiota produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K?

A

Yes

310
Q

What is resistance?

A

Ability of body to ward off disease

311
Q

What are three examples of resistance factors?

A

Skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals

312
Q

What are normal microbiota?

A

Microbes that are present normally in and on human body

313
Q

Do normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens?

A

Yes

314
Q

What are two examples of vitamins produced by normal microbiota?

A

Vitamin B and vitamin K

315
Q

Skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals are examples of what?

A

Resistance factors

316
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Mass of microbes attached to solid surface

317
Q

What are four examples of biofilm substrates?

A

Rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants

318
Q

Can biofilms cause infections?

A

Yes

319
Q

Are biofilms usually susceptible to antibiotics?

A

No

320
Q

What are microbes that attach to solid surfaces and form masses?

A

Biofilms

321
Q

These will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants, and other substrates

A

Biofilms

322
Q

Are biofilms always harmless?

A

No

323
Q

Are biofilms often antibiotic-resistant?

A

Yes

324
Q

What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?

A

New disease or disease increasing in incidence

325
Q

What are new diseases or diseases that are increasing in incidence?

A

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

326
Q

What virus was discovered in 1947 in Uganda?

A

Zika virus

327
Q

This virus caused epidemics in Micronesia in 2007 and in French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013-2015

A

Zika virus

328
Q

How is the Zika virus spread?

A

Aedes mosquito or sexual contact

329
Q

Can Zika virus infection cause severe birth defects?

A

Yes

330
Q

Where was the Zika virus discovered?

A

Uganda

331
Q

When was the Zika virus discovered?

A

1947

332
Q

This virus can be spread through sexual contact or by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito

A

Zika virus

333
Q

Where did the Zika virus cause epidemics in 2007 and in 2013-2015?

A

Micronesia and French Polynesia/Brazil

334
Q

Is Zika virus infection relatively harmless to pregnancies?

A

No

335
Q

What is MERS?

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

336
Q

What causes MERS?

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

337
Q

What is SARS?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

338
Q

What disease has caused 1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014?

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

339
Q

This disease is caused by MERS-CoV

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

340
Q

How many deaths has MERS caused since 2014?

A

630

341
Q

How many cases of MERS have been confirmed since 2014?

A

1,800

342
Q

What disease is also known as swine flu?

A

H1N1 Influenza

343
Q

When was H1N1 Influenza first detected in U.S.?

A

2009

344
Q

Was swine flu declared a pandemic by WHO in 2009?

A

Yes

345
Q

What disease is also known as Avian Influenza A?

A

H5N1

346
Q

Is H5N1 an Influenza A virus?

A

Yes

347
Q

What is H5N1 commonly found in?

A

Waterfowl and poultry

348
Q

Has human-to-human transmission of H5N1 occurred yet?

A

No

349
Q

What is H1N1 Influenza commonly known as?

A

Swine flu

350
Q

Was swine flu first detected in the U.S. in 1995?

A

No

351
Q

Was swine flu declared a pandemic by the WHO?

A

Yes

352
Q

Waterfowl and poultry primarily host this virus

A

H5N1 (Avian Influenza A)

353
Q

Has swine flu human-to-human transmission occurred?

A

Yes

354
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

355
Q

When did MRSA develop penicillin resistance?

A

1950s

356
Q

When did MRSA develop methicillin resistance?

A

1980s

357
Q

When did MRSA develop vancomycin resistance?

A

1990s

358
Q

What is VISA?

A

Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus

359
Q

What is VRSA?

A

Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

360
Q

This bacteria developed methicilin resistance in the 1980s

A

MRSA (Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

361
Q

What is EHF?

A

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

362
Q

What virus causes EHF?

A

Ebola virus

363
Q

What symptoms does Ebola virus cause?

A

Fever, hemorrhaging, blood clotting

364
Q

How is Ebola virus transmitted?

A

Blood/body fluid contact

365
Q

Where was Ebola virus first identified?

A

Congo (Ebola River)

366
Q

When did an Ebola virus outbreak occur in Guinea, infecting over 28,000?

A

2014

367
Q

Ebola virus causes this disease

A

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

368
Q

This virus causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clots

A

Ebola virus

369
Q

This virus is transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids

A

Ebola virus

370
Q

The 2014 Ebola virus outbreak that infected 28,000 people occurred where?

A

Guinea

371
Q

What virus causes a similar hemorrhagic fever to Ebola?

A

Marburg Virus

372
Q

Where did the Marburg virus orginate?

A

Europe

373
Q

This virus caused 13 outbreaks in Africa between 1975 and 2016

A

Marburg virus

374
Q

This virus caused 57% mortality over 13 outbreaks in Africa

A

Marburg virus

375
Q

This animal is a natural reservoir for the Marburg virus (and possibly also the Ebola virus)

A

African fruit bat

376
Q

What kind of disease does the Marburg virus cause?

A

Hemorrhagic fever

377
Q

The first cases of this virus were found in lab workers handling green monkeys from Uganda

A

Marburg virus

378
Q

African fruit bats are a natural reservoir for which two viruses?

A

Marburg and Ebola viruses

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