microbiology ch 20

Question 1

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 1

Selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

Question 2

This is the use of chemicals to treat a disease

Answer 2

Chemotherapy

Question 3

This is a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

Answer 3

Antibiotic

Question 4

These are synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes

Answer 4

Antimicrobial drugs

Question 5

These are drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types

Answer 5

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Question 6

These are drugs that affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

Answer 6

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 7

This is an overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics

Answer 7

Superinfection

Question 8

This type of antimicrobial drug kills microbes directly

Answer 8

Bactericidal

Question 9

This type of antimicrobial drug prevents microbes from growing

Answer 9

Bacteriostatic

Question 10

What are the five possible actions of antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 10

1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis; 2. Inhibiting protein synthesis; 3. Injuring the plasma membrane; 4. Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis; 5. Inhibiting the synthesis of essential metabolites

Question 11

Penicillins prevent the synthesis of this in the cell wall

Answer 11

Peptidoglycan

Question 12

Antimicrobial drugs can inhibit protein synthesis by targeting these in bacteria

Answer 12

70S ribosomes

Question 13

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracyclines all kill microbes by doing this

Answer 13

Inhibiting protein synthesis

Question 14

Polypeptide antibiotics change this feature of the membrane

Answer 14

Permeability

Question 15

Antifungal drugs combine with these in the membrane

Answer 15

Sterols

Question 16

Ionophore antibiotics allow uncontrolled movement of these

Answer 16

Cations

Question 17

Antimetabolites compete with these for an enzyme

Answer 17

Normal substrates

Question 18

This antimicrobial drug contains a beta-lactam ring, and types are differentiated by the chemical side chains attached to the ring

Answer 18

Penicillin

Question 19

Penicillin prevents the cross-linking of these, interfering with cell wall construction

Answer 19

Peptidoglycans

Question 20

Chloramphenicol inhibits the formation of these

Answer 20

Peptide bonds

Question 21

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

Answer 21

Chloramphenicol

Question 22

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

Answer 22

Chloramphenicol

Question 23

These antimicrobials are produced by Streptomyces spp. and can penetrate tissues

Answer 23

Tetracyclines

Question 24

Tetracyclines interfere with this attaching to the ribosome

Answer 24

tRNA

Question 25

Are tetracyclines broad spectrum?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

What two groups of diseases are tetracyclines valuable against?

Answer 26

Rickettsias and chlamydias

Question 27

What are two negative affects of chloramphenicol on the human body?

Answer 27

Suppression of bone marrow and effects on blood cell formation

Question 28

What is a negative affect of tetracyclines on the human body?

Answer 28

Suppression of normal intestinal microbiota

Question 29

This antimicrobial is produced by streptomycetes, attacks the bacterial cell membrane, and is used for skin infections

Answer 29

Daptomycin

Question 30

This topical bacteriocidal is effective against gram-negatives and is combined with bacitracin and neomycin in nonprescription ointments

Answer 30

Polymixin B

Question 31

This polymixin is effective against gram-negatives and is also called colistin

Answer 31

Polymixin E

Question 32

This antimicrobial inhibits mRNA synthesis, penetrates tissues, and has antitubercular activity

Answer 32

Rifamycin

Question 33

This synthetic antimicrobial inhibits DNA gyrase

Answer 33

Nalidixic acid

Question 34

These two broad-spectrum antimicrobials are relatively nontoxic

Answer 34

Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin

Question 35

This group of antimicrobials inhibit the folic acid synthesis needed for nucleic acid and protein synthesis

Answer 35

Sulfonamides

Question 36

Sulfonamides competitively bind to the enzyme for the production of this, a folic acid precursor

Answer 36

PABA

Question 37

A combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP - SMZ) is an example of this

Answer 37

Drug synergism

Question 38

This antifungal is produced by penicillium, inhibits microtubule formation, and is active against superficial dermatophytes

Answer 38

Griseofulvin

Question 39

This antifungal drug is used for athlete's foot

Answer 39

Tolnaftate

Question 40

These drugs block the receptors on the host cell that bind to a virus or block fusion of the virus to the cell

Answer 40

Entry and fusion inhibitors

Question 41

These drugs prevent viral uncoating, inhibit viral DNA integration into host genome, inhibit RNA/DNA synthesis

Answer 41

Uncoating, genome integration, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Question 42

These antiviral drugs treat HIV/AIDS

Answer 42

Antiretrovirals

Question 43

These assembly/exit inhibitors block the cleavage of protein precursors

Answer 43

Protease inhibitors

Question 44

These assembly/exit inhibitors inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme required for some viruses to bud from host cell

Answer 44

Exit inhibitors

Question 45

These are produced by viral-infected cells to inhibit further spread of the infection

Answer 45

Interferons

Question 46

This promotes interferon production

Answer 46

Imiquimod

Question 47

These two antiprotozoan drugs are used to treat malaria

Answer 47

Quinine and chloroquine

Question 48

This drug kills plasmodium that causes malaria

Answer 48

Artemisinin

Question 49

This antiprotozoan drug also interferes with anaerobic bacteria, and treats trichomonas, giardiasis, and amebic dysentery

Answer 49

Metronidazole

Question 50

This antiprotozoan drug inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria and treats amebic encephalitis and leishmaniasis

Answer 50

Miltefosine

Question 51

This antihelminthic drug prevents ATP production and treats tapeworms

Answer 51

Niclosamide

Question 52

This antihelminthic drug alters membrane permeability and treats tapeworms and flukes

Answer 52

Praziquantel

Question 53

These two antihelminthic drugs interfere with nutrient absorption and treat intestinal helminths

Answer 53

Mebendazole and albendazole

Question 54

This antihelminthic drug causes paralysis of helminths and treats roundworms and mites

Answer 54

Ivermectin

Question 55

This tests the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents using paper disks and zones of inhibition

Answer 55

Disk-diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test)

Question 56

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

Answer 56

Chloramphenicol

Question 57

What are two negative affects of chloramphenicol on the human body?

Answer 57

Suppression of bone marrow and effects on blood cell formation

Question 57

This test determines the minimal inhibitory concentration

Answer 57

E test

Question 58

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

Answer 58

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

Question 59

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

Answer 59

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

Question 60

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

Answer 60

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

Question 61

What happens in drug synergism?

Answer 61

The effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

Question 62

What happens in drug antagonism?

Answer 62

The effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone