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microbiology ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

This includes defenses that target a specific pathogen and is acquired through infection or vaccination

A

Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

This happens the first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

A

Primary response

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3
Q

This happens in later interactions with the same foreign substance and is faster and more effective due to ‘memory’

A

Secondary response

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4
Q

This form of adaptive immunity produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as antigens

A

Humoral immunity

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5
Q

These are lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow

A

B cells

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6
Q

What are the two jobs of B cells?

A

Recognizing antigens and make antibodies

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7
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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8
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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9
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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10
Q

This form of adaptive immunity produces T lymphocytes

A

Cellular immunity

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11
Q

What do T lymphocytes recognize?

A

Antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells

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12
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

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13
Q

These on the T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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14
Q

This form of adaptive immunity attacks antigens that have already entered cells

A

Cellular immunity

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15
Q

This form of adaptive immunity fights invaders and threats outside of cells

A

Humoral immunity

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16
Q

These are chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

A

Cytokines

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17
Q

These are cytokines between leukocytes

A

Interleukins

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18
Q

These cytokines induce migration of leukocytes

A

Chemokines

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19
Q

These cytokines interfere with viral infections of host cells

A

Interferons

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20
Q

These cytokines are involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

A

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)

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21
Q

These cytokines control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

A

Hematopoietic cytokines

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22
Q

Overproduction of cytokines leads to this

A

Cytokine storm

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23
Q

These are substances that cause the production of antibodies

A

Antigens

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24
Q

What 2 things are antigens, usually?

A

Components of invading microbes or foreign substances

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25
What do antibodies interact with on the antigen?
Epitopes, or antigenic determinants
26
These are antigens too small to provoke immune responses and attach to carrier molecules
Haptens
27
Antibodies are globular proteins also known as these
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
28
What is the structure of an antibody?
Four protein chains forming a Y shape
29
How are the two light chains and two heavy chains linked in an antibody?
By disulfide links
30
These regions are at the ends of the arms and bind epitopes
Variable regions
31
This region is the stem of an antibody and is identical for Ig classes
Constant region
32
How many classes of Ig are there?
5
33
What are the five classes of Ig?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
34
This Ig is a monomer and makes up 80% of serum antibodies
IgG
35
Where is IgG found in the body?
In the blood, lymph, and intestine
36
What are the four roles of IgG?
Crosses placenta to protect fetus; triggers complement; enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses
37
What is the structure of IgM?
Pentamer made of five monomers held with a J chain
38
What percentage of serum antibodies are IgM?
6%
39
Where is IgM found in the body?
Blood vessels
40
What does IgM cause?
Clumping of cells and viruses
41
This antibody is the first response to an infection and is short-lived
IgM
42
This antibody is a monomer in serum and a dimer in secretions
IgA
43
What percentage of serum antibodies does IgA make up?
13%
44
Where is IgA found in the body?
Mucous membranes, saliva, tears, breast milk
45
This antibody is a monomer and makes up 0.02% of serum antibodies
IgD
46
What antibody is IgD structurally similar to?
IgG
47
Where is IgD found in the body?
Blood, lymph, and on B cells
48
What is the function of IgD?
Assisting in the immune response on B cells
49
This antibody is a monomer and makes up 0.002% of serum antibodies
IgE
50
Where is IgE found in the body?
On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood
51
What two immune responses does IgE participate in?
Release of histamines when bound to antigen, and lysis of parasitic worms
52
Inactive B cells contain this that bind to antigen
Surface Ig
53
B cells internalize and process this
Antigens
54
These contact the displayed antigen fragment and release cytokines that activate B cells
T helper cell
55
B cell undergoes this after activation
Proliferation (clonal expansion)
56
This forms when antibodies bind to antigens
Antigen-antibody complex
57
This is when antibodies cause antigens to clump together
Agglutination
58
This is the coating of antibodies or complement proteins
Opsonization
59
What does opsonization enhance?
Ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells
60
This resembles opsonization, but the target cell is not engulfed but remains external to the phagocytic cell attacking it
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
61
This is when IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells
Neutralization
62
What two antibodies can trigger activation of the complement system?
IgG or IgM
63
Serum proteins produced by this organ enhance the immune system in destroying microbes
Liver
64
In cellular immunity response, these combat intracellular pathogens
T cells
65
After maturing, T cells migrate from the thymus to these tissues
Lymphoid tissues
66
What do T-cells use to attach to antigens?
T-cell receptors (TCRs)
67
What are the two types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
68
These APCs engulf and degrade microbes and display them to T-cells
Dendritic cells
69
These APCs are activated by cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material
Macrophages
70
These APCs migrate to the lymph tissue and present antigens to T cells
Macrophages
71
These APCs are found in the skin, genital tract, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and blood
Dendritic cells
72
What are the two classes (clusters of differentiation) of T cells?
CD4+ and CD8+
73
These are T helper cells involved in cytokine signaling with B cells and interact directly with antigens
CD4+
74
These are cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that recognize and and kill self-cells altered by infection
CD8+
75
These adaptive immune system cells kill virus-infected and tumor cells and attack parasites
Natural killer (NK) cells
76
Are NK cells always stimulated by an antigen?
No
77
How do NK cells kill target cells?
By forming pores in the target cell, leading to lysis or apoptosis
78
This adaptive immune system process attacks protozoans and helminths that are too large to be phagocytized
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
79
What is the first step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
Protozoan/helminth is coated with antibodies
80
What is the second step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
Immune system cells attach to the Fc regions of antibodies
81
What is the third step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
Target cell is lysed by chemicals secreted by the immune system cell
82
What is class switching?
Initial IgM response shifts to IgG, IgE, or IgA
83
This immune response is more rapid, lasts many days, and is greater in magnitude
Secondary (memory) response
84
These are produced in response to the initial exposure and are activated by the secondary exposure
Memory cells
85
This is the relative amount of antibodies in the serum
Antibody titer
86
What does antibody titer reflect?
Intensity of the humoral response
87
What are the four types of adaptive immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity; Naturally acquired passive immunity; Artificially acquired active immunity; Artificially acquired passive immunity
88
This type of adaptive immunity results from the injection of antibodies
Artificially acquired passive immunity
89
This type of adaptive immunity results from injection of vaccination/immunization
Artificially acquire active immunity
90
This type of adaptive immunity results from infection
Naturally acquired active immunity
91
This type of adaptive immunity is transplacental or via colostrum
Naturally acquired passive immunity

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