Environmental Conservation Flashcards
1
Q
What are 3 forms of the species approach to conservation?
A
Indicator; umbrella; charismatic
2
Q
Approach to conservation that focuses on areas of high biodiversity richness, endemism
A
Hotspot approach
3
Q
What can the species approach to conservation focus on?
A
Indicator species; umbrella species; charismatic species
4
Q
What does the hotspot approach to conservation focus on?
A
Areas of high biodiversity richness and endemism
5
Q
What does the landscape approach to conservation focus on?
A
Gamma diversity; large-scale landscapes
6
Q
This approach to conservation focuses on gamma diversity and large-scale landscapes
A
Landscape approach
7
Q
How many areas globally (both terrestrial and aquatic) does the IUCN protect?
A
160,000
8
Q
What percent of terrestrial surface does the IUCN protect?
A
13%
9
Q
How does physiography work?
A
By dividing large regions or landscapes into subdivisions based on geologic features (terrain, soil texture, rock type, geologic structure, etc.)
10
Q
What divides large regions/landscapes into smaller divisions based on physical features/geology?
A
Physiography
11
Q
Who came up with a physiography map of Oklahoma in 1943?
A
Duck and Fletcher
12
Q
What did Duck and Fletcher do in 1943?
A
Come up with a physiography map of Oklahoma
13
Q
What does physiography roughly equate to?
A
Flora/fauna distribution
14
Q
What does flora/fauna distribution roughly equate to?
A
Physiography
15
Q
What did Blair and Hubbell do in 1938?
A
Come up with map of biotic districts in Oklahoma
16
Q
Who came up with map of biotic districts in Oklahoma in 1938?
A
Blair and Hubbell
17
Q
What is a biotic district?
A
A geographical unit distinguished by the presence of unique ecological associations
18
Q
What is a unit of geography that is distinguished by its unique ecological associations?
A
Biotic district
19
Q
What are the 5 biotic districts of Oklahoma?
A
Ozark; Ouachita; mixed-grass plains; short-grass plains; Mesa de Maya
20
Q
What are the Ozark, Ouachita, mixed-grass plains, short-grass plains, and Mesa de Maya?
A
The 5 biotic districts of Oklahoma?
21
Q
What characterizes the Ozark Biotic District?
A
Karst; areas of exposed limestone (Karst windows); oak-hickory forest; prairie pasture; white oak-hickory mesic forest; very few row crops
22
Q
About what fraction of the Ozark Biotic District is oak-hickory forest?
A
1/3
23
Q
About what fraction of the Ozark Biotic District is prairie/pasture?
A
1/4
24
Q
About what percentage of the Ozark Biotic District is white oak-hickory mesic forest?
A
17%
25
Is there significant space dedicated to row crops in the Ozark Biotic District?
No
26
What types of rock dominate the Ozark Biotic District?
Karst and exposed limestone (karst windows)
27
What type of land represents the smallest amount of the Ozark Biotic District?
Row crops
28
What type of land represents the largest amount of the Ozark Biotic District?
Oak-hickory forest
29
What type of land represents about a quarter of land in the Ozark Biotic District?
Prairie/pasture
30
What is a lesser yet still significant type of forest in the Ozark Biotic District?
White oak-hickory mesic forest (17%)
31
What aquifer extends from Missouri and Arkansas into northeast Oklahoma?
Ozark Aquifer
32
What is the OK biotic district characterized by karst, karst windows, oak-hickory forest (dominant), prairie and pasture (next dominant), and white oak-hickory forest, with very few row crops?
Ozark Biotic District
33
What biotic district is characterized by having very few row crops?
Ozark Biotic District
34
What biotic district is characterized by over a third of its land as oak-hickory forest?
Ozark Biotic District
35
Which biotic district is characterized by being about a quarter prairie and pasture?
Ozark Biotic District
36
Which biotic district is characterized by a lot of karst/karst windows/exposed limestone?
Ozark Biotic District
37
What characterizes the Ozark Aquifer?
3000 feet thick; over-exploited by ag, industry, cities; increasingly polluted (coliform, nitrates, phosphates, heavy metals)
38
What is characterized as an underground system 3000 feet thick?
Ozark Aquifer
39
What is characterized by being over-exploited, and polluted in the Ozark Biotic District?
Ozark Aquifer
40
Where is the highest density of cave-producing habitat in the US?
Ozark Biotic District
41
Which biotic district has high endemism?
Ozark Biotic District
42
What is notable about biodiversity in the Ozark Biotic District?
Lots of caves and extreme endemism
43
What characterizes the Ouachita Biotic District?
Sandstone; oak/shortleaf pine woodland (1/3); pine/bluestem (historically)(1/4); bottomland hardwood mesic forest (18%); pine plantations (9%)
44
This biotic district is characterized by sandstone geology, and the following landscapes in descending order: oak/shortleaf pine; pine/bluestem; bottomland hardwood/mesic forest; and pine plantations
Ouachita Biotic District
45
What type of geology characterizes the Ouachita Biotic District?
Sandstone
46
This biotic district is characterized by sandstone
Ouachita Biotic District
47
This biotic district is nearly a third oak/shortleaf pine woodland
Ouachita Biotic District
48
The Ouachita Biotic District is nearly a third of what type of habitat?
Oak/shortleaf pine woodland
49
The Ouachita Biotic District was historically what type of habitat?
Pine/bluestem
50
Pine/bluestem was historically dominant in which biotic district?
Ouachita Biotic District
51
The Ouachita Biotic District is 18% which type of landscape?
Bottomland hardwood/mesic forest
52
Bottomland hardwood/mesic forest makes up 18% of which biotic district?
Ouachita Biotic District
53
Pine plantations make up about a tenth of which biotic district?
Ouachita Biotic District
54
The Ouachita Biotic District is about a tenth of what type of landscape?
Pine plantations
55
This mountainous biotic district produces few caves due to its sandstone geography
Ouachita Biotic District
56
Highest rainfall in the state and high landscape heterogeneity contribute to high biodiversity in this biotic district
Ouachita Biotic District
57
Why does the Ouachita Biotic District have high biodiversity?
Highest rainfall in state and landscape heterogeneity
58
Were there fewer acres of pine in the US in 1952 or 2002?
1952
59
Are there more primary or secondary forests today?
Primary
60
Globally, which forest type has lost the most square kilometers?
Humid tropical
61
The Mesa de Maya Biotic District is characterized by what?
Sandstone and volcanic basalt geography; pinyon pine/juniper woodland; short grasses and cholla cactus
62
Sandstone/basalt geography, pinyon pine/juniper woodland, and short grass/cholla cactus characterize which biotic district?
Mesa de Maya Biotic District
63
What type of geography characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?
Sandstone/volcanic basalt
64
This biotic district is characterized by sandstone and basalt geography
Mesa de Maya Biotic District
65
What type of woodland characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?
Pinyon pine/juniper
66
This biotic district is characterized by pinyon pine/juniper woodland
Mesa de Maya Biotic District
67
What type of groundcover characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?
Short (grama) grasses and cholla cactus
68
This biotic district is characterized by short grasses and cholla
Mesa de Maya Biotic District
69
What gives the Mesa de Maya Biotic District relatively high biodiversity?
Its geography and landscape heterogeneity
70
The geography and landscape heterogeneity contribute to the high biodiversity of which three major taxa in the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?
Mammals, birds, and reptiles
71
What characterizes the Short-grass Plains Biotic District?
Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, grama grasses
72
Which biotic district is characterized by sandy loam, salinity, gypsum, and grama grasses?
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
73
What type of geology characterizes both the Short-grass Plains Biotic District and the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?
Sandy loam soil, high salinity, and gypsum
74
These biotic districts are characterized by sandy loam soil, gypsum and highly saline geography
Short-grass Plains Biotic District and Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
75
This biotic district is dominated mainly by grama grasses
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
76
The Short-grass Plains Biotic District has mainly what type of flora?
Grama grasses
77
Row crops make up a quarter of this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
78
The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a quarter of this type of landscape
Row crops
79
Shortgrass prairie makes up about a third of this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
80
The Short-grass Plains BIotic District is made up of a third of this type of landscape
Shortgrass prairie
81
Planted grasslands make up a fifth of this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
82
The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a fifth of this type of landscape
Planted grasslands
83
Shrublands only make up about 3.5% of this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
84
The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of 3.5% of this type of landscape
Shrublands
85
Open water makes up a tiny fraction of land area in this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
86
The Short-grass Plains Biotic District has less than 800 acres of this
Open water
87
These six species of greatest conservation need are found in the Short-grass Plains Biotic District
Swift fox; Texas horned lizard; lesser prairie chicken; loggerhead shrike; golden eagle; massasauga
88
Swift fox, Texas horned lizard, lesser prairie chicken, loggerhead shrike, golden eagle, and massasauga are six species at risk in this biotic district
Short-grass Plains Biotic District
89
What are the characteristics of the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?
Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, bluestems, and grama grasses
90
Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, bluestems, and grama grasses make up this biotic district
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
91
What flora characterizes the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?
Bluestems and grama grasses
92
Bluestems and grama grasses characterize which biotic district?
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
93
What is Oklahoma's largest ecoregion?
Mixed-grass Plains
94
Mixed-grasses/pasture make up a third of this biotic district
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
95
The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of about a third each of what two types of landscape?
Mixed-grasses/pasture and row crops
96
Which biotic district has the most row crop coverage?
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
97
A tenth of this biotic district is tallgrass prairie/pasture
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
98
The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a tenth of this type of landscape
Tallgrass prairie/pasture
99
7% of this biotic district is sagebrush/shrubland
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
100
The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is 7% this type of foliage
Sagebrush/shrubland
101
This biotic district has the largest amount of urban landscape in Oklahoma
Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District
102
These are common characteristics of grassland climates
Low/erratic rainfall; evaporation > rainfall; wide temperature fluctuations
103
Low rainfall, erratic spring and fall rainfall, high evaporation rates, and wide seasonal temperature fluctuations are characteristic of what type of landscape?
Grasslands
104
These types of vegetation characterize grasslands
Grammonoids (Family Poaceae) (C4 Plants)
105
Grammonoids from Family Poaceae characterize what type of landscape?
Grasslands
106
What are forbs?
Non-grass grassland plants
107
These are plants that are found in grasslands but are not grasses
Forbs
108
This is a characteristic of grassland plants to grow in round clumps
Cespitose
109
How do cespitose plants tend to grow?
In rounded clumps
110
What are anemophiles?
Wind-dispersing plants
111
Wind-dispersing plants are called this
Anemophiles
112
This family of plants are C4 and found in grasslands
Poaceae
113
These are the three major disturbance regimes that grasslands are adapted to
Fire, herbivory, and drought
114
This type of landscape is adapted to tolerate fire, grazing, and drought disturbance regimes
Grassland
115
Modern fire suppression has led to encroachment of this organism onto grasslands
Cedar
116
Cedars have encroached onto open lands due to what practice?
Fire suppression
117
Cedars, oriental grasses, russian olive, and salt cedar have invaded this type of habitat
Grasslands
118
Grasslands have been invaded by these plants
Cedars, oriental grasses, russian olives, salt cedar
119
These are three benefits of large scale protection of biodiversity
Habitat loss reduction; population size stabilization; species richness protection
120
Reduction in habitat loss, stabilization of population sizes, and protection of species richness result from what scale of biodiversity protection?
Large-scale biodiversity protection
121
Which is better to protect: Larger or smaller areas?
Larger
122
What shape is better to protect: High interior to edge ratio or low interior to edge ratio?
High interior to edge ratio (Think circle rather than oval)
123
Which is better to protect: A unique community/ecosystem, or a common community/ecosystem?
Unique community/ecosystem
124
Which is better to protect: Area facing immediate threat, or area not facing any immediate threat?
Area facing immediate threat
125
Which is better to protect: A completely protected ecosystem or a partially protected ecosystem?
Completely protected ecosystem
126
Is it better to have buffer zones around a protected area or no buffer zone?
Buffer zones
127
Is it better to include humans in the protected area, or to exclude them?
Inclusion of humans is better
128
Is it better to protect a network of more or fewer protected areas?
More protected areas is better
129
Is it better to have protected areas closer together or farther apart?
Closer
130
Is it better to have protected areas joined by corridors/stepping stones, or to have fragmented/isolated/disconnected protected areas?
Joined areas
131
Is it better to have more or fewer different types of habitat in the protected area(s)?
More habitat types is better
132
Is it better to manage areas collectively or independently?
Collectively
133
What is gap analysis?
A comparison of species distributions to protected area locations to see if there are any gaps in conservation efforts
134
What is the process of comparing species' distributions to the locations where they are protected to identify where conservation is falling behind?
Gap analysis
135
What are conservation easements?
Agreements for landowners to be exempt from taxes if they protect their land from development to help an endangered species
136
What is it called when a landowner agrees to not develop their land in exchange for tax-exempt status?
Conservation easement
137
Are conservation easements transferable?
Yes
138
Are taxes paid on conservation easements?
No
139
What are the primary goals of species-level conservation?
Species persistence; genetic diversity; protecting umbrella species; reintroductions
140
Species persistence, genetic diversity, protection of umbrella species (often using flagship or charismatic species), and reintroductions are goals of what level of conservation?
Species-level conservation
141
What are some challenges to conserving small populations?
Loss of genetic variability; demographic fluctuations; environmental impacts can be greater
142
Genetic drift, stochastic demographic fluctuations and environmental impacts are challenges to conserving what type of populations?
Small populations
143
What is genetic drift?
Loss of heterozygosity over time; worsened by small population sizes
144
What is the loss of genetic variability made worse by small population sizes?
Genetic drift
145
What is the 50/500 rule?
50 individuals to prevent inbreeding; 500 to lessen impact of genetic drift
146
How many individuals of a population are needed to prevent inbreeding?
At least 50
147
How many individuals are needed in a population to prevent genetic drift from becoming a problem?
At least 500
148
What demographic fluctuations could be made worse by having a small population?
Unequal sex ratios; mortality/birth rates; effective population size; social systems
149
Could the potential for unequal sex ratios be worse for a smaller population?
Yes
150
Are fluctuating mortality and birth rates worse for a larger population?
No
151
What is the Effective Population Size?
Individuals in population capable of breeding
152
What is the number of individuals in a population that are capable of breeding?
Effective population size
153
Can social systems - like monogamy - be affected worse by a smaller population?
Yes
154
Is predation pressure made worse by having a smaller population?
Yes
155
Are the impacts of intra- and inter-specific competition made better by having a smaller population?
No
156
Is susceptibility to disease lessened by having a larger population?
Yes
157
Do disturbance and catastrophic events effect smaller populations worse?
Yes
158
What is a reasonable die off rate for large mammals?
70-90%
159
Is a 70-90% die off rate unusual for large mammals?
No
160
What is the average die off rate for each generation of vertebrates?
15%
161
Is 15% per generation the average die off rate for vertebrates?
Yes
162
What is MVP?
Minimum Viable Population
163
What does MDA stand for?
Minimum Dynamic Area
164
What are two key considerations for conserving small populations?
MVP (min. viable pop.) and MDA (min. dynamic area)
165
Minimum Viable Population and Minimum Dynamic Area are two considerations for what type of population size?
Small population size
166
What is Minimum Viable Population?
The population size needed for a species to have a 90% chance of viability for next 1000 years
167
What is the population size that is required for a species to be 90% likely to persist for 1000 years?
Minimum Viable Population
168
What is the Minimum Dynamic Area?
Minimum area of habitat needed to maintain Minimum Viable Population
169
What is the minimum area of habitat needed to maintain Minimum Viable Population?
Minimum Dynamic Area
170
What is the MDA for small mammals?
100-1000 square kilometers
171
What is the MDA for large carnivores?
10,000 square kilometers
172
What type of animal has a MDA of 100-1000 square kilometers?
Small mammals
173
What type of animal has a MDA of 10,000 square kilometers?
Large carnivores
174
What does a Population Viability Analysis (PVA) do?
Predicts likelihood of a population and probability of extinction
175
What predicts the persistence of a population and probability of its extinction?
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)
176
What factors does a PVA model incorporate?
Demographics, sex ratios, catastrophic events, habitat
177
Demographics, sex ratios, catastrophics events, and habitat are all factors in what type of model?
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)
178
What is compensatory mortality?
Mortality that causes no reduction in total survival ("doomed surplus")
179
What is mortality that does not reduce total survival (unless it reaches a threshold value)?
Compensatory Mortality
180
What is additive mortality?
Factor that causes immediate reduction in total survival
181
What causes immediate reduction in total survival?
Additive mortality
182
What are factors that could cause additive mortality?
Harvesting, predation, disease, catastrophic events
183
Harvesting, predation, disease, and catastrophic events all lead to what type of mortality?
Additive mortality
184
What is Maximum Sustained Yield?
The greatest sustainable harvest from a natural population
185
What is the greatest harvest that can be indefinitely taken from a population?
Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY)
186
When does the threshold for MSY occur?
At 50% carrying capacity
187
What happens at 50% carrying capacity for a population?
Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY) threshold reached
188
What is better for a successful reintroduction: release into excellent quality habitat or poor quality habitat?
Excellent quality habitat
189
Is it better to reintroduce a species into the core of its historical range or outside of its historical range?
Core of historical range
190
Is reintroduction more successful with wild-caught or captive-bred animals?
Wild-caught
191
Does puppet-rearing or parent-rearing lead to better survival rates for reintroduced animals?
Parent-rearing
192
21 individuals of this species existed in the wild in 1987
California condor
193
Is reintroduction more successful for carnivores or herbivores?
Herbivores
194
How many bison once lived in North America?
30-60 million
195
How many bison live in North America today?
200,000
196
When were there less than 200 white-tailed deer in OK?
1900
197
How many white-tailed deer are there currently?
15 million
198
How many white-tailed deer were there in 1900?
500,000
199
How many elk were there in 1900?
<40,000
200
How many elk are there currently in the western states?
1 million
201
How many pronghorn were there in 1920?
<13,000
202
How many pronghorn are there currently?
>500,000
203
What is one exception to the rule of herbivore reintroduction being more successful?
Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep
204
What are two major threats to bighorn sheep reintroduction?
Epizootic diseases from domestic animals and hunting
205
What are three challenges to large carnivore restoration?
Fragmented habitat, corridor development and sociopolitical factors
206
What is a major threat to the Florida panther?
Habitat loss/fragmentation
207
How many Florida panther are left?
<500
208
What will be crucial to Florida panther restoration?
Corridor development
209
What is ex situ conservation?
Breeding and maintaining endangered plants/animals in controlled environments
210
What is the breeding and management of endangered species in controlled environments?
Ex situ conservation
211
What are some examples of ex situ conservation?
Zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, seed banks, cryopreservation
212
Zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, seed banks, and cryopreservation are examples of what type of conservation?
Ex situ conservation
213
What are three positives to ex situ conservation?
Extension of breeding persistence; captive breeding for use in reintroductions; saving genetic uniqueness for future
214
What are 4 strategies used by zoos to preserve species?
Cross-fostering, double-clutching, artificial insemination/incubation, and embryo transfer to surrogates
215
How many zoos are there worldwide?
2000
216
What type of species do zoos typically feature?
Charismatic megafauna
217
What are 4 challenges to captive breeding?
More expensive; ecologically inefficient; desensitization to natural environmental conditions; lost behaviors (predatory or anti-predatory)
218
What are 5 advantages to captive breeding?
Limits external threats; release can be controlled (soft or hard); genetic integrity ensured; post-release monitoring; public education
219
What types of plants are seed banks primarily used for?
Agricultural crops (wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, etc.)
220
What is the percentage of all plants that are represented in seed banks?
10%
221
What continent does the most seed banking?
Europe
222
These are some examples of invasive species
House sparrow, European starling, rock dove, house finch, lespedeza, kudzu, zebra mussels
223
What are some synonyms for invasive species?
Introduced, non-indigenous, non-native, alien
224
What are some reasons for introducing a species?
As an ornamental; for erosion control; for agricultural purposes; for sport; as escapees
225
What are some invasive ornamental species that have been introduced?
Callery pear, Russian olive
226
What are some invasive species that have been introduced for erosion control?
Kudzu, lespedeza, some grasses
227
What are some plant species that have been introduced for agricultural purposes?
Crops, Bermuda grass, fescue
228
What are some invasive species that escaped from captivity?
Feral horses, burros, hogs
229
Do invasive species have biological controls in their native habitats?
Yes
230
What are some qualities that can make a species invasive?
Rapid growth; broad tolerance; high dispersal; rapid reproduction
231
Which commercial fishing industries have collapsed?
Atlantic cod (Newfoundland); Peruvian anchovy; Atlantic herring (Norway and Iceland)
232
About how many people get 20% of their diet from commercial fishing?
3.2 billion
233
Where is 75% of the global fisheries fleet located?
Asia
234
What percent of the global fisheries fleet is in North America?
2%
235
About how much money does commercial fishing make globally each year?
360 billion dollars
236
What tree is grown for commercial logging in Brazil?
Mahogany
237
What trees are grown for commercial logging in the US?
Walnut and redwood
238
Are African cherry trees commonly grown commercially?
Yes
239
Are temperate forest currently declining?
No
240
Are tropical forests currently recovering?
No
241
Which type of forest is currently recovering from commercial logging?
Temperate forest
242
How much does the live plant and wildlife trade make globally?
200 billion dollars a year
243
How much is the pet trade worth per year?
20 billion
244
How many ornamental fish are traded annually?
1 billion
245
The countries of this continent are the largest exporters of wildlife
Asia
246
Behind drugs and counterfeiting, what is the next largest global crime sector?
Illegal wildlife trade
247
What are some of the most heavily trafficked animals?
Pangolin, tiger, musk deer, saiga antelope, snow leopard, white rhino, Asiatic black bear, African elephant
248
What is the illegal wildlife trade worth annually?
23 billion dollars
249
3/4 of illegal wildlife trade seizures are from what type of animals?
Endangered animals
250
What is habitat fragmentation?
Apportioning habitat into smaller pieces
251
What are some things that have caused habitat fragmentation?
Agriculture, clear cutting, urban sprawl, silviculture, road construction
252
Is habitat fragmentation accompanied by a loss of edge?
No
253
Is there an increase in species diversity in areas where two types of habitat meet?
Yes
254
At edge, is there access to multiple habitat types?
Yes
255
Is vegetation diversity lower at edge?
No
256
Can some species be edge obligates?
Yes
257
Is there a higher predator density at edge?
Yes
258
What type of edge results from permanent landscape features and tends to be more stable?
Inherent edge
259
What type of edge is constantly changing (usually due to anthropogenic factors)?
Induced edge
260
What are some area-sensitive species affected by habitat fragmentation?
Bears, mountain lions, wolves, grasshopper sparrow, dickcissel
261
Do area-sensitive species benefit from more edge creation?
No
262
What are metapopulations?
Subpopulations linked by corridors, migration, or dispersal
263
What are subpopulations that are linked as sources and sinks?
Metapopulations
264
What are the two different types of sub-populations?
Source and sink
265
What is a source population?
A subpopulation that contributes to sinks
266
Are sink populations capable of maintaining themselves?
No
267
What does island biogeography explain?
The immigration, evolution, extinction, and biodiversity that occurs on islands
268
Does increased rainfall increase biodiversity?
Yes
269
Does increase in habitat area increase biodiversity?
Yes
270
Do cooler temperatures increase biodiversity?
No
271
Does an increase in latitude increase biodiversity?
No
272
Does better soil quality increase biodiversity?
Yes
273
Does an increase in landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity?
Yes
274
Does an increase in landscape homogeneity increase biodiversity?
No
275
What two types of habitat cover only 1.4% of global land area yet contain 20% of all Earth's species?
Tropical rain forests (14 biodiversity hotspots) and Mediterranean climates (4 biodiversity hotspots)
276
What are 4 freshwater biodiversity hotspots?
Lake Baikal, and the Amazon, Zaire, Mekong rivers
277
What are some oceanic island biodiversity hotspots?
Madagascar, Hawaii, the Galapagos, and the Philippines
278
What are some marine biodiversity hotspots?
The Great Barrier Reef, the Caribbean Sea, and upwellings
