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Environmental Conservation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 forms of the species approach to conservation?

A

Indicator; umbrella; charismatic

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2
Q

Approach to conservation that focuses on areas of high biodiversity richness, endemism

A

Hotspot approach

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3
Q

What can the species approach to conservation focus on?

A

Indicator species; umbrella species; charismatic species

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4
Q

What does the hotspot approach to conservation focus on?

A

Areas of high biodiversity richness and endemism

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5
Q

What does the landscape approach to conservation focus on?

A

Gamma diversity; large-scale landscapes

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6
Q

This approach to conservation focuses on gamma diversity and large-scale landscapes

A

Landscape approach

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7
Q

How many areas globally (both terrestrial and aquatic) does the IUCN protect?

A

160,000

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8
Q

What percent of terrestrial surface does the IUCN protect?

A

13%

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9
Q

How does physiography work?

A

By dividing large regions or landscapes into subdivisions based on geologic features (terrain, soil texture, rock type, geologic structure, etc.)

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10
Q

What divides large regions/landscapes into smaller divisions based on physical features/geology?

A

Physiography

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11
Q

Who came up with a physiography map of Oklahoma in 1943?

A

Duck and Fletcher

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12
Q

What did Duck and Fletcher do in 1943?

A

Come up with a physiography map of Oklahoma

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13
Q

What does physiography roughly equate to?

A

Flora/fauna distribution

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14
Q

What does flora/fauna distribution roughly equate to?

A

Physiography

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15
Q

What did Blair and Hubbell do in 1938?

A

Come up with map of biotic districts in Oklahoma

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16
Q

Who came up with map of biotic districts in Oklahoma in 1938?

A

Blair and Hubbell

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17
Q

What is a biotic district?

A

A geographical unit distinguished by the presence of unique ecological associations

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18
Q

What is a unit of geography that is distinguished by its unique ecological associations?

A

Biotic district

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19
Q

What are the 5 biotic districts of Oklahoma?

A

Ozark; Ouachita; mixed-grass plains; short-grass plains; Mesa de Maya

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20
Q

What are the Ozark, Ouachita, mixed-grass plains, short-grass plains, and Mesa de Maya?

A

The 5 biotic districts of Oklahoma?

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21
Q

What characterizes the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Karst; areas of exposed limestone (Karst windows); oak-hickory forest; prairie pasture; white oak-hickory mesic forest; very few row crops

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22
Q

About what fraction of the Ozark Biotic District is oak-hickory forest?

A

1/3

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23
Q

About what fraction of the Ozark Biotic District is prairie/pasture?

A

1/4

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24
Q

About what percentage of the Ozark Biotic District is white oak-hickory mesic forest?

A

17%

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25
Q

Is there significant space dedicated to row crops in the Ozark Biotic District?

A

No

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26
Q

What types of rock dominate the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Karst and exposed limestone (karst windows)

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27
Q

What type of land represents the smallest amount of the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Row crops

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28
Q

What type of land represents the largest amount of the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Oak-hickory forest

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29
Q

What type of land represents about a quarter of land in the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Prairie/pasture

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30
Q

What is a lesser yet still significant type of forest in the Ozark Biotic District?

A

White oak-hickory mesic forest (17%)

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31
Q

What aquifer extends from Missouri and Arkansas into northeast Oklahoma?

A

Ozark Aquifer

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32
Q

What is the OK biotic district characterized by karst, karst windows, oak-hickory forest (dominant), prairie and pasture (next dominant), and white oak-hickory forest, with very few row crops?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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33
Q

What biotic district is characterized by having very few row crops?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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34
Q

What biotic district is characterized by over a third of its land as oak-hickory forest?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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35
Q

Which biotic district is characterized by being about a quarter prairie and pasture?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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36
Q

Which biotic district is characterized by a lot of karst/karst windows/exposed limestone?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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37
Q

What characterizes the Ozark Aquifer?

A

3000 feet thick; over-exploited by ag, industry, cities; increasingly polluted (coliform, nitrates, phosphates, heavy metals)

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38
Q

What is characterized as an underground system 3000 feet thick?

A

Ozark Aquifer

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39
Q

What is characterized by being over-exploited, and polluted in the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Ozark Aquifer

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40
Q

Where is the highest density of cave-producing habitat in the US?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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41
Q

Which biotic district has high endemism?

A

Ozark Biotic District

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42
Q

What is notable about biodiversity in the Ozark Biotic District?

A

Lots of caves and extreme endemism

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43
Q

What characterizes the Ouachita Biotic District?

A

Sandstone; oak/shortleaf pine woodland (1/3); pine/bluestem (historically)(1/4); bottomland hardwood mesic forest (18%); pine plantations (9%)

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44
Q

This biotic district is characterized by sandstone geology, and the following landscapes in descending order: oak/shortleaf pine; pine/bluestem; bottomland hardwood/mesic forest; and pine plantations

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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45
Q

What type of geology characterizes the Ouachita Biotic District?

A

Sandstone

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46
Q

This biotic district is characterized by sandstone

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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47
Q

This biotic district is nearly a third oak/shortleaf pine woodland

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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48
Q

The Ouachita Biotic District is nearly a third of what type of habitat?

A

Oak/shortleaf pine woodland

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49
Q

The Ouachita Biotic District was historically what type of habitat?

A

Pine/bluestem

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50
Q

Pine/bluestem was historically dominant in which biotic district?

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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51
Q

The Ouachita Biotic District is 18% which type of landscape?

A

Bottomland hardwood/mesic forest

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52
Q

Bottomland hardwood/mesic forest makes up 18% of which biotic district?

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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53
Q

Pine plantations make up about a tenth of which biotic district?

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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54
Q

The Ouachita Biotic District is about a tenth of what type of landscape?

A

Pine plantations

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55
Q

This mountainous biotic district produces few caves due to its sandstone geography

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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56
Q

Highest rainfall in the state and high landscape heterogeneity contribute to high biodiversity in this biotic district

A

Ouachita Biotic District

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57
Q

Why does the Ouachita Biotic District have high biodiversity?

A

Highest rainfall in state and landscape heterogeneity

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58
Q

Were there fewer acres of pine in the US in 1952 or 2002?

A

1952

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59
Q

Are there more primary or secondary forests today?

A

Primary

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60
Q

Globally, which forest type has lost the most square kilometers?

A

Humid tropical

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61
Q

The Mesa de Maya Biotic District is characterized by what?

A

Sandstone and volcanic basalt geography; pinyon pine/juniper woodland; short grasses and cholla cactus

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62
Q

Sandstone/basalt geography, pinyon pine/juniper woodland, and short grass/cholla cactus characterize which biotic district?

A

Mesa de Maya Biotic District

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63
Q

What type of geography characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?

A

Sandstone/volcanic basalt

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64
Q

This biotic district is characterized by sandstone and basalt geography

A

Mesa de Maya Biotic District

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65
Q

What type of woodland characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?

A

Pinyon pine/juniper

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66
Q

This biotic district is characterized by pinyon pine/juniper woodland

A

Mesa de Maya Biotic District

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67
Q

What type of groundcover characterizes the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?

A

Short (grama) grasses and cholla cactus

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68
Q

This biotic district is characterized by short grasses and cholla

A

Mesa de Maya Biotic District

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69
Q

What gives the Mesa de Maya Biotic District relatively high biodiversity?

A

Its geography and landscape heterogeneity

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70
Q

The geography and landscape heterogeneity contribute to the high biodiversity of which three major taxa in the Mesa de Maya Biotic District?

A

Mammals, birds, and reptiles

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71
Q

What characterizes the Short-grass Plains Biotic District?

A

Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, grama grasses

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72
Q

Which biotic district is characterized by sandy loam, salinity, gypsum, and grama grasses?

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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73
Q

What type of geology characterizes both the Short-grass Plains Biotic District and the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?

A

Sandy loam soil, high salinity, and gypsum

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74
Q

These biotic districts are characterized by sandy loam soil, gypsum and highly saline geography

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District and Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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75
Q

This biotic district is dominated mainly by grama grasses

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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76
Q

The Short-grass Plains Biotic District has mainly what type of flora?

A

Grama grasses

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77
Q

Row crops make up a quarter of this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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78
Q

The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a quarter of this type of landscape

A

Row crops

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79
Q

Shortgrass prairie makes up about a third of this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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80
Q

The Short-grass Plains BIotic District is made up of a third of this type of landscape

A

Shortgrass prairie

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81
Q

Planted grasslands make up a fifth of this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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82
Q

The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a fifth of this type of landscape

A

Planted grasslands

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83
Q

Shrublands only make up about 3.5% of this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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84
Q

The Short-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of 3.5% of this type of landscape

A

Shrublands

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85
Q

Open water makes up a tiny fraction of land area in this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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86
Q

The Short-grass Plains Biotic District has less than 800 acres of this

A

Open water

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87
Q

These six species of greatest conservation need are found in the Short-grass Plains Biotic District

A

Swift fox; Texas horned lizard; lesser prairie chicken; loggerhead shrike; golden eagle; massasauga

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88
Q

Swift fox, Texas horned lizard, lesser prairie chicken, loggerhead shrike, golden eagle, and massasauga are six species at risk in this biotic district

A

Short-grass Plains Biotic District

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89
Q

What are the characteristics of the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?

A

Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, bluestems, and grama grasses

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90
Q

Sandy loam soils, high salinity, gypsum, bluestems, and grama grasses make up this biotic district

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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91
Q

What flora characterizes the Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District?

A

Bluestems and grama grasses

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92
Q

Bluestems and grama grasses characterize which biotic district?

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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93
Q

What is Oklahoma’s largest ecoregion?

A

Mixed-grass Plains

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94
Q

Mixed-grasses/pasture make up a third of this biotic district

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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95
Q

The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of about a third each of what two types of landscape?

A

Mixed-grasses/pasture and row crops

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96
Q

Which biotic district has the most row crop coverage?

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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97
Q

A tenth of this biotic district is tallgrass prairie/pasture

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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98
Q

The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is made up of a tenth of this type of landscape

A

Tallgrass prairie/pasture

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99
Q

7% of this biotic district is sagebrush/shrubland

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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100
Q

The Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District is 7% this type of foliage

A

Sagebrush/shrubland

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101
Q

This biotic district has the largest amount of urban landscape in Oklahoma

A

Mixed-grass Plains Biotic District

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102
Q

These are common characteristics of grassland climates

A

Low/erratic rainfall; evaporation > rainfall; wide temperature fluctuations

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103
Q

Low rainfall, erratic spring and fall rainfall, high evaporation rates, and wide seasonal temperature fluctuations are characteristic of what type of landscape?

A

Grasslands

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104
Q

These types of vegetation characterize grasslands

A

Grammonoids (Family Poaceae) (C4 Plants)

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105
Q

Grammonoids from Family Poaceae characterize what type of landscape?

A

Grasslands

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106
Q

What are forbs?

A

Non-grass grassland plants

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107
Q

These are plants that are found in grasslands but are not grasses

A

Forbs

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108
Q

This is a characteristic of grassland plants to grow in round clumps

A

Cespitose

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109
Q

How do cespitose plants tend to grow?

A

In rounded clumps

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110
Q

What are anemophiles?

A

Wind-dispersing plants

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111
Q

Wind-dispersing plants are called this

A

Anemophiles

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112
Q

This family of plants are C4 and found in grasslands

A

Poaceae

113
Q

These are the three major disturbance regimes that grasslands are adapted to

A

Fire, herbivory, and drought

114
Q

This type of landscape is adapted to tolerate fire, grazing, and drought disturbance regimes

A

Grassland

115
Q

Modern fire suppression has led to encroachment of this organism onto grasslands

A

Cedar

116
Q

Cedars have encroached onto open lands due to what practice?

A

Fire suppression

117
Q

Cedars, oriental grasses, russian olive, and salt cedar have invaded this type of habitat

A

Grasslands

118
Q

Grasslands have been invaded by these plants

A

Cedars, oriental grasses, russian olives, salt cedar

119
Q

These are three benefits of large scale protection of biodiversity

A

Habitat loss reduction; population size stabilization; species richness protection

120
Q

Reduction in habitat loss, stabilization of population sizes, and protection of species richness result from what scale of biodiversity protection?

A

Large-scale biodiversity protection

121
Q

Which is better to protect: Larger or smaller areas?

A

Larger

122
Q

What shape is better to protect: High interior to edge ratio or low interior to edge ratio?

A

High interior to edge ratio (Think circle rather than oval)

123
Q

Which is better to protect: A unique community/ecosystem, or a common community/ecosystem?

A

Unique community/ecosystem

124
Q

Which is better to protect: Area facing immediate threat, or area not facing any immediate threat?

A

Area facing immediate threat

125
Q

Which is better to protect: A completely protected ecosystem or a partially protected ecosystem?

A

Completely protected ecosystem

126
Q

Is it better to have buffer zones around a protected area or no buffer zone?

A

Buffer zones

127
Q

Is it better to include humans in the protected area, or to exclude them?

A

Inclusion of humans is better

128
Q

Is it better to protect a network of more or fewer protected areas?

A

More protected areas is better

129
Q

Is it better to have protected areas closer together or farther apart?

A

Closer

130
Q

Is it better to have protected areas joined by corridors/stepping stones, or to have fragmented/isolated/disconnected protected areas?

A

Joined areas

131
Q

Is it better to have more or fewer different types of habitat in the protected area(s)?

A

More habitat types is better

132
Q

Is it better to manage areas collectively or independently?

A

Collectively

133
Q

What is gap analysis?

A

A comparison of species distributions to protected area locations to see if there are any gaps in conservation efforts

134
Q

What is the process of comparing species’ distributions to the locations where they are protected to identify where conservation is falling behind?

A

Gap analysis

135
Q

What are conservation easements?

A

Agreements for landowners to be exempt from taxes if they protect their land from development to help an endangered species

136
Q

What is it called when a landowner agrees to not develop their land in exchange for tax-exempt status?

A

Conservation easement

137
Q

Are conservation easements transferable?

A

Yes

138
Q

Are taxes paid on conservation easements?

A

No

139
Q

What are the primary goals of species-level conservation?

A

Species persistence; genetic diversity; protecting umbrella species; reintroductions

140
Q

Species persistence, genetic diversity, protection of umbrella species (often using flagship or charismatic species), and reintroductions are goals of what level of conservation?

A

Species-level conservation

141
Q

What are some challenges to conserving small populations?

A

Loss of genetic variability; demographic fluctuations; environmental impacts can be greater

142
Q

Genetic drift, stochastic demographic fluctuations and environmental impacts are challenges to conserving what type of populations?

A

Small populations

143
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Loss of heterozygosity over time; worsened by small population sizes

144
Q

What is the loss of genetic variability made worse by small population sizes?

A

Genetic drift

145
Q

What is the 50/500 rule?

A

50 individuals to prevent inbreeding; 500 to lessen impact of genetic drift

146
Q

How many individuals of a population are needed to prevent inbreeding?

A

At least 50

147
Q

How many individuals are needed in a population to prevent genetic drift from becoming a problem?

A

At least 500

148
Q

What demographic fluctuations could be made worse by having a small population?

A

Unequal sex ratios; mortality/birth rates; effective population size; social systems

149
Q

Could the potential for unequal sex ratios be worse for a smaller population?

A

Yes

150
Q

Are fluctuating mortality and birth rates worse for a larger population?

A

No

151
Q

What is the Effective Population Size?

A

Individuals in population capable of breeding

152
Q

What is the number of individuals in a population that are capable of breeding?

A

Effective population size

153
Q

Can social systems - like monogamy - be affected worse by a smaller population?

A

Yes

154
Q

Is predation pressure made worse by having a smaller population?

A

Yes

155
Q

Are the impacts of intra- and inter-specific competition made better by having a smaller population?

A

No

156
Q

Is susceptibility to disease lessened by having a larger population?

A

Yes

157
Q

Do disturbance and catastrophic events effect smaller populations worse?

A

Yes

158
Q

What is a reasonable die off rate for large mammals?

A

70-90%

159
Q

Is a 70-90% die off rate unusual for large mammals?

A

No

160
Q

What is the average die off rate for each generation of vertebrates?

A

15%

161
Q

Is 15% per generation the average die off rate for vertebrates?

A

Yes

162
Q

What is MVP?

A

Minimum Viable Population

163
Q

What does MDA stand for?

A

Minimum Dynamic Area

164
Q

What are two key considerations for conserving small populations?

A

MVP (min. viable pop.) and MDA (min. dynamic area)

165
Q

Minimum Viable Population and Minimum Dynamic Area are two considerations for what type of population size?

A

Small population size

166
Q

What is Minimum Viable Population?

A

The population size needed for a species to have a 90% chance of viability for next 1000 years

167
Q

What is the population size that is required for a species to be 90% likely to persist for 1000 years?

A

Minimum Viable Population

168
Q

What is the Minimum Dynamic Area?

A

Minimum area of habitat needed to maintain Minimum Viable Population

169
Q

What is the minimum area of habitat needed to maintain Minimum Viable Population?

A

Minimum Dynamic Area

170
Q

What is the MDA for small mammals?

A

100-1000 square kilometers

171
Q

What is the MDA for large carnivores?

A

10,000 square kilometers

172
Q

What type of animal has a MDA of 100-1000 square kilometers?

A

Small mammals

173
Q

What type of animal has a MDA of 10,000 square kilometers?

A

Large carnivores

174
Q

What does a Population Viability Analysis (PVA) do?

A

Predicts likelihood of a population and probability of extinction

175
Q

What predicts the persistence of a population and probability of its extinction?

A

Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

176
Q

What factors does a PVA model incorporate?

A

Demographics, sex ratios, catastrophic events, habitat

177
Q

Demographics, sex ratios, catastrophics events, and habitat are all factors in what type of model?

A

Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

178
Q

What is compensatory mortality?

A

Mortality that causes no reduction in total survival (“doomed surplus”)

179
Q

What is mortality that does not reduce total survival (unless it reaches a threshold value)?

A

Compensatory Mortality

180
Q

What is additive mortality?

A

Factor that causes immediate reduction in total survival

181
Q

What causes immediate reduction in total survival?

A

Additive mortality

182
Q

What are factors that could cause additive mortality?

A

Harvesting, predation, disease, catastrophic events

183
Q

Harvesting, predation, disease, and catastrophic events all lead to what type of mortality?

A

Additive mortality

184
Q

What is Maximum Sustained Yield?

A

The greatest sustainable harvest from a natural population

185
Q

What is the greatest harvest that can be indefinitely taken from a population?

A

Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY)

186
Q

When does the threshold for MSY occur?

A

At 50% carrying capacity

187
Q

What happens at 50% carrying capacity for a population?

A

Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY) threshold reached

188
Q

What is better for a successful reintroduction: release into excellent quality habitat or poor quality habitat?

A

Excellent quality habitat

189
Q

Is it better to reintroduce a species into the core of its historical range or outside of its historical range?

A

Core of historical range

190
Q

Is reintroduction more successful with wild-caught or captive-bred animals?

A

Wild-caught

191
Q

Does puppet-rearing or parent-rearing lead to better survival rates for reintroduced animals?

A

Parent-rearing

192
Q

21 individuals of this species existed in the wild in 1987

A

California condor

193
Q

Is reintroduction more successful for carnivores or herbivores?

A

Herbivores

194
Q

How many bison once lived in North America?

A

30-60 million

195
Q

How many bison live in North America today?

A

200,000

196
Q

When were there less than 200 white-tailed deer in OK?

A

1900

197
Q

How many white-tailed deer are there currently?

A

15 million

198
Q

How many white-tailed deer were there in 1900?

A

500,000

199
Q

How many elk were there in 1900?

A

<40,000

200
Q

How many elk are there currently in the western states?

A

1 million

201
Q

How many pronghorn were there in 1920?

A

<13,000

202
Q

How many pronghorn are there currently?

A

> 500,000

203
Q

What is one exception to the rule of herbivore reintroduction being more successful?

A

Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep

204
Q

What are two major threats to bighorn sheep reintroduction?

A

Epizootic diseases from domestic animals and hunting

205
Q

What are three challenges to large carnivore restoration?

A

Fragmented habitat, corridor development and sociopolitical factors

206
Q

What is a major threat to the Florida panther?

A

Habitat loss/fragmentation

207
Q

How many Florida panther are left?

A

<500

208
Q

What will be crucial to Florida panther restoration?

A

Corridor development

209
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Breeding and maintaining endangered plants/animals in controlled environments

210
Q

What is the breeding and management of endangered species in controlled environments?

A

Ex situ conservation

211
Q

What are some examples of ex situ conservation?

A

Zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, seed banks, cryopreservation

212
Q

Zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, seed banks, and cryopreservation are examples of what type of conservation?

A

Ex situ conservation

213
Q

What are three positives to ex situ conservation?

A

Extension of breeding persistence; captive breeding for use in reintroductions; saving genetic uniqueness for future

214
Q

What are 4 strategies used by zoos to preserve species?

A

Cross-fostering, double-clutching, artificial insemination/incubation, and embryo transfer to surrogates

215
Q

How many zoos are there worldwide?

A

2000

216
Q

What type of species do zoos typically feature?

A

Charismatic megafauna

217
Q

What are 4 challenges to captive breeding?

A

More expensive; ecologically inefficient; desensitization to natural environmental conditions; lost behaviors (predatory or anti-predatory)

218
Q

What are 5 advantages to captive breeding?

A

Limits external threats; release can be controlled (soft or hard); genetic integrity ensured; post-release monitoring; public education

219
Q

What types of plants are seed banks primarily used for?

A

Agricultural crops (wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, etc.)

220
Q

What is the percentage of all plants that are represented in seed banks?

A

10%

221
Q

What continent does the most seed banking?

A

Europe

222
Q

These are some examples of invasive species

A

House sparrow, European starling, rock dove, house finch, lespedeza, kudzu, zebra mussels

223
Q

What are some synonyms for invasive species?

A

Introduced, non-indigenous, non-native, alien

224
Q

What are some reasons for introducing a species?

A

As an ornamental; for erosion control; for agricultural purposes; for sport; as escapees

225
Q

What are some invasive ornamental species that have been introduced?

A

Callery pear, Russian olive

226
Q

What are some invasive species that have been introduced for erosion control?

A

Kudzu, lespedeza, some grasses

227
Q

What are some plant species that have been introduced for agricultural purposes?

A

Crops, Bermuda grass, fescue

228
Q

What are some invasive species that escaped from captivity?

A

Feral horses, burros, hogs

229
Q

Do invasive species have biological controls in their native habitats?

A

Yes

230
Q

What are some qualities that can make a species invasive?

A

Rapid growth; broad tolerance; high dispersal; rapid reproduction

231
Q

Which commercial fishing industries have collapsed?

A

Atlantic cod (Newfoundland); Peruvian anchovy; Atlantic herring (Norway and Iceland)

232
Q

About how many people get 20% of their diet from commercial fishing?

A

3.2 billion

233
Q

Where is 75% of the global fisheries fleet located?

A

Asia

234
Q

What percent of the global fisheries fleet is in North America?

A

2%

235
Q

About how much money does commercial fishing make globally each year?

A

360 billion dollars

236
Q

What tree is grown for commercial logging in Brazil?

A

Mahogany

237
Q

What trees are grown for commercial logging in the US?

A

Walnut and redwood

238
Q

Are African cherry trees commonly grown commercially?

A

Yes

239
Q

Are temperate forest currently declining?

A

No

240
Q

Are tropical forests currently recovering?

A

No

241
Q

Which type of forest is currently recovering from commercial logging?

A

Temperate forest

242
Q

How much does the live plant and wildlife trade make globally?

A

200 billion dollars a year

243
Q

How much is the pet trade worth per year?

A

20 billion

244
Q

How many ornamental fish are traded annually?

A

1 billion

245
Q

The countries of this continent are the largest exporters of wildlife

A

Asia

246
Q

Behind drugs and counterfeiting, what is the next largest global crime sector?

A

Illegal wildlife trade

247
Q

What are some of the most heavily trafficked animals?

A

Pangolin, tiger, musk deer, saiga antelope, snow leopard, white rhino, Asiatic black bear, African elephant

248
Q

What is the illegal wildlife trade worth annually?

A

23 billion dollars

249
Q

3/4 of illegal wildlife trade seizures are from what type of animals?

A

Endangered animals

250
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

Apportioning habitat into smaller pieces

251
Q

What are some things that have caused habitat fragmentation?

A

Agriculture, clear cutting, urban sprawl, silviculture, road construction

252
Q

Is habitat fragmentation accompanied by a loss of edge?

A

No

253
Q

Is there an increase in species diversity in areas where two types of habitat meet?

A

Yes

254
Q

At edge, is there access to multiple habitat types?

A

Yes

255
Q

Is vegetation diversity lower at edge?

A

No

256
Q

Can some species be edge obligates?

A

Yes

257
Q

Is there a higher predator density at edge?

A

Yes

258
Q

What type of edge results from permanent landscape features and tends to be more stable?

A

Inherent edge

259
Q

What type of edge is constantly changing (usually due to anthropogenic factors)?

A

Induced edge

260
Q

What are some area-sensitive species affected by habitat fragmentation?

A

Bears, mountain lions, wolves, grasshopper sparrow, dickcissel

261
Q

Do area-sensitive species benefit from more edge creation?

A

No

262
Q

What are metapopulations?

A

Subpopulations linked by corridors, migration, or dispersal

263
Q

What are subpopulations that are linked as sources and sinks?

A

Metapopulations

264
Q

What are the two different types of sub-populations?

A

Source and sink

265
Q

What is a source population?

A

A subpopulation that contributes to sinks

266
Q

Are sink populations capable of maintaining themselves?

A

No

267
Q

What does island biogeography explain?

A

The immigration, evolution, extinction, and biodiversity that occurs on islands

268
Q

Does increased rainfall increase biodiversity?

A

Yes

269
Q

Does increase in habitat area increase biodiversity?

A

Yes

270
Q

Do cooler temperatures increase biodiversity?

A

No

271
Q

Does an increase in latitude increase biodiversity?

A

No

272
Q

Does better soil quality increase biodiversity?

A

Yes

273
Q

Does an increase in landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity?

A

Yes

274
Q

Does an increase in landscape homogeneity increase biodiversity?

A

No

275
Q

What two types of habitat cover only 1.4% of global land area yet contain 20% of all Earth’s species?

A

Tropical rain forests (14 biodiversity hotspots) and Mediterranean climates (4 biodiversity hotspots)

276
Q

What are 4 freshwater biodiversity hotspots?

A

Lake Baikal, and the Amazon, Zaire, Mekong rivers

277
Q

What are some oceanic island biodiversity hotspots?

A

Madagascar, Hawaii, the Galapagos, and the Philippines

278
Q

What are some marine biodiversity hotspots?

A

The Great Barrier Reef, the Caribbean Sea, and upwellings

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