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My Classes > microbiology ch 10 > Flashcards

microbiology ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying organisms

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2
Q

What does taxonomy show?

A

Degree of similarity among organisms

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3
Q

What is systematics/phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

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4
Q

This is the science of classifying organisms and shows the degrees of similarity among organisms

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

This is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

A

Systematics/phylogeny

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6
Q

Who developed the current three domain system of phylogeny?

A

Carl Woese

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7
Q

When did Carl Woese develop the three-domain system of phylogeny that is currently used?

A

1978

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8
Q

What are the three domains of organisms?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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9
Q

What developed into organelles in the development of eukaryotes?

A

Endosymbiotic bacteria

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10
Q

What did eukaryotes originate from?

A

Infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes

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11
Q

Endosymbiotic bacteria developed into these in eukaryotes

A

Organelles

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12
Q

These originated from infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

How are organisms grouped in phylogenetic trees?

A

According to common properties

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14
Q

What do mutations accumulated in genomes serve as?

A

Molecular clock

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15
Q

What does each species from from its ancestor?

A

Some characteristics

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16
Q

These group organisms according to common properties

A

Phylogenetic trees

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17
Q

These serve as a molecular clock

A

Mutations accumulated in genomes

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18
Q

What constitutes a eukaryotic species?

A

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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19
Q

What constitutes a prokaryotic species?

A

A population of cells with similar characteristics

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20
Q

What constitutes a viral species?

A

A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

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21
Q

This type of species is made up of a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

A

Eukaryotic species

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22
Q

This type of species is made up of a population of cells with similar characteristics

A

Prokaryotic species

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23
Q

This type of species is a population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

A

Viral species

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24
Q

In prokaryote classification, what is a culture?

A

Bacteria grown in a laboratory media

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25
Q

In prokaryote classification, what is a clone?

A

Population of cells derived from a single parent cell

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26
Q

In prokaryote classification, what is a strain?

A

Genetically different cells within a clone

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27
Q

This is includes bacteria grown in laboratory media

A

Culture

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28
Q

This is a population of cells derived from a single parent cell

A

Clone

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29
Q

This is made up of genetically different cells within a clone

A

Strain

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30
Q

What is the makeup of Kingdom Protista?

A

Catch-all kingdom for a variety of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms

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31
Q

How is Kingdom Protista grouped?

A

Into clades based on rRNA

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32
Q

What are four characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?

A

Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; chitin cell walls; develop from spores/hyphal fragments

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33
Q

What are three characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?

A

Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

34
Q

What are three characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?

A

Multicellular; lack cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

35
Q

This kingdom is a catch-all for a variety of organisms, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, and is grouped into clades based on rRNA

A

Protista

36
Q

Members of this kingdom are chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, have cell walls made of chitin, and develop from spores or hyphal fragments

A

Fungi

37
Q

Members of this kingdom are multicellular, have cellulose cell walls, and undergo photosynthesis

A

Plantae

38
Q

Members of this kingdom are multicellular, lack cell walls, and are chemoheterotrophic

A

Animalia

39
Q

What is organism classification?

A

Placing organisms in groups of related species

40
Q

What is organism identification?

A

Matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms

41
Q

This involves placing organisms in groups of related species

A

Classification

42
Q

This involves matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms

A

Identification

43
Q

What are morphological characteristics useful for identifying?

A

Eukaryotes

44
Q

What is a disadvantage of using morphological characteristics to classify/identify organisms?

A

Morphological characteristics tell little about phylogenetic relationships

45
Q

What are two types of differential staining used to identify/classify bacteria?

A

Gram staining and acid-fast staining

46
Q

What types of bacteria is differential staining not useful for identifying/classifying?

A

Bacteria without cell walls

47
Q

What do biochemical tests determine?

A

Presence of bacterial enzymes

48
Q

These are useful for identifying eukaryotes, but tell little about phylogenetic relationships

A

Morphological characteristics

49
Q

This method of identification/classification is useful for distinguishing bacteria with cell walls

A

Differential staining

50
Q

This method of identification/classification determines the presence of bacterial enzymes

A

Biochemical testing

51
Q

What can rapid identification methods do?

A

Perform several biochemical tests simulatenously

52
Q

These can perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

A

Rapid identification methods

53
Q

What is serology?

A

The science of serum and immune responses in serum

54
Q

What do microorganisms do in serum/

A

Stimulate antibody formation

55
Q

What can serological testing do?

A

Differentiate between species/strains within species

56
Q

This is the study of serum and immune responses in serum

A

Serology

57
Q

These are antigenic and stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

A

Microorganisms

58
Q

This can differentiate between species/strains in serum

A

Serological testing

59
Q

What happens in the slide agglutination test?

A

Bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

60
Q

In this serological test, bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

A

Slide agglutination test

61
Q

What happens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?

A

Known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well and a reaction identifies the bacteria

62
Q

In this serological test, known antibodies and unknown bacteria are added to a well where a reaction identifies the bacteria

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

63
Q

What do fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) do?

A

Provide profiles that are constant for a particular species to identify bacteria

64
Q

These provide profiles constant for a particular species and are used in bacterial identification

A

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

65
Q

In DNA sequencing, what do two closely related organisms have?

A

Similar amounts of DNA bases

66
Q

GC + AT = ? in DNA base composition

A

100%

67
Q

This method of classification/identification uses online databases to compare organisms’ similarity in DNA base composition

A

DNA sequencing

68
Q

What does DNA fingerprinting use?

A

Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism’s DNA

69
Q

In this method of classification/identification, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences

A

DNA fingerprinting

70
Q

This method of classification/identification uses electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism’s DNA

A

DNA fingerprinting

71
Q

What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?

A

Ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another

72
Q

In nucleic acid hybridization, what does a greater degree of hybridization indicate?

A

Greater degree of relatedness

73
Q

What percentage of hybridization indicates two organisms are from the same species?

A

> 70%

74
Q

In this method of classification/identification, the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with those of another is measured

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

75
Q

Does a greater degree of hybridization indicated a lesser degree of relatedness in nucleic acid hybridization?

A

No

76
Q

Does hybridization of greater than %50 indicate two organisms are the same species?

A

No

77
Q

Does hybridization of greater than >70% indicate two organisms are the same species?

A

Yes

78
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A

Identification keys based on successive questions

79
Q

What are cladograms?

A

Maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms based on rRNA sequences

80
Q

These are identification keys based on successive questions

A

Dichotomous keys

81
Q

These are maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms and are based on rRNA sequences

A

Cladograms

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