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microbiology ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying organisms

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2
Q

What does taxonomy show?

A

Degree of similarity among organisms

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3
Q

What is systematics/phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

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4
Q

This is the science of classifying organisms and shows the degrees of similarity among organisms

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

This is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

A

Systematics/phylogeny

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6
Q

Who developed the current three domain system of phylogeny?

A

Carl Woese

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7
Q

When did Carl Woese develop the three-domain system of phylogeny that is currently used?

A

1978

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8
Q

What are the three domains of organisms?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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9
Q

What developed into organelles in the development of eukaryotes?

A

Endosymbiotic bacteria

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10
Q

What did eukaryotes originate from?

A

Infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes

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11
Q

Endosymbiotic bacteria developed into these in eukaryotes

A

Organelles

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12
Q

These originated from infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

How are organisms grouped in phylogenetic trees?

A

According to common properties

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14
Q

What do mutations accumulated in genomes serve as?

A

Molecular clock

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15
Q

What does each species from from its ancestor?

A

Some characteristics

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16
Q

These group organisms according to common properties

A

Phylogenetic trees

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17
Q

These serve as a molecular clock

A

Mutations accumulated in genomes

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18
Q

What constitutes a eukaryotic species?

A

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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19
Q

What constitutes a prokaryotic species?

A

A population of cells with similar characteristics

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20
Q

What constitutes a viral species?

A

A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

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21
Q

This type of species is made up of a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

A

Eukaryotic species

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22
Q

This type of species is made up of a population of cells with similar characteristics

A

Prokaryotic species

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23
Q

This type of species is a population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

A

Viral species

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24
Q

In prokaryote classification, what is a culture?

A

Bacteria grown in a laboratory media

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25
In prokaryote classification, what is a clone?
Population of cells derived from a single parent cell
26
In prokaryote classification, what is a strain?
Genetically different cells within a clone
27
This is includes bacteria grown in laboratory media
Culture
28
This is a population of cells derived from a single parent cell
Clone
29
This is made up of genetically different cells within a clone
Strain
30
What is the makeup of Kingdom Protista?
Catch-all kingdom for a variety of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
31
How is Kingdom Protista grouped?
Into clades based on rRNA
32
What are four characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?
Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; chitin cell walls; develop from spores/hyphal fragments
33
What are three characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis
34
What are three characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
Multicellular; lack cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
35
This kingdom is a catch-all for a variety of organisms, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, and is grouped into clades based on rRNA
Protista
36
Members of this kingdom are chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, have cell walls made of chitin, and develop from spores or hyphal fragments
Fungi
37
Members of this kingdom are multicellular, have cellulose cell walls, and undergo photosynthesis
Plantae
38
Members of this kingdom are multicellular, lack cell walls, and are chemoheterotrophic
Animalia
39
What is organism classification?
Placing organisms in groups of related species
40
What is organism identification?
Matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms
41
This involves placing organisms in groups of related species
Classification
42
This involves matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms
Identification
43
What are morphological characteristics useful for identifying?
Eukaryotes
44
What is a disadvantage of using morphological characteristics to classify/identify organisms?
Morphological characteristics tell little about phylogenetic relationships
45
What are two types of differential staining used to identify/classify bacteria?
Gram staining and acid-fast staining
46
What types of bacteria is differential staining not useful for identifying/classifying?
Bacteria without cell walls
47
What do biochemical tests determine?
Presence of bacterial enzymes
48
These are useful for identifying eukaryotes, but tell little about phylogenetic relationships
Morphological characteristics
49
This method of identification/classification is useful for distinguishing bacteria with cell walls
Differential staining
50
This method of identification/classification determines the presence of bacterial enzymes
Biochemical testing
51
What can rapid identification methods do?
Perform several biochemical tests simulatenously
52
These can perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
Rapid identification methods
53
What is serology?
The science of serum and immune responses in serum
54
What do microorganisms do in serum/
Stimulate antibody formation
55
What can serological testing do?
Differentiate between species/strains within species
56
This is the study of serum and immune responses in serum
Serology
57
These are antigenic and stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum
Microorganisms
58
This can differentiate between species/strains in serum
Serological testing
59
What happens in the slide agglutination test?
Bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria
60
In this serological test, bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria
Slide agglutination test
61
What happens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?
Known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well and a reaction identifies the bacteria
62
In this serological test, known antibodies and unknown bacteria are added to a well where a reaction identifies the bacteria
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
63
What do fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) do?
Provide profiles that are constant for a particular species to identify bacteria
64
These provide profiles constant for a particular species and are used in bacterial identification
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)
65
In DNA sequencing, what do two closely related organisms have?
Similar amounts of DNA bases
66
GC + AT = ? in DNA base composition
100%
67
This method of classification/identification uses online databases to compare organisms' similarity in DNA base composition
DNA sequencing
68
What does DNA fingerprinting use?
Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism's DNA
69
In this method of classification/identification, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences
DNA fingerprinting
70
This method of classification/identification uses electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism's DNA
DNA fingerprinting
71
What does nucleic acid hybridization measure?
Ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another
72
In nucleic acid hybridization, what does a greater degree of hybridization indicate?
Greater degree of relatedness
73
What percentage of hybridization indicates two organisms are from the same species?
>70%
74
In this method of classification/identification, the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with those of another is measured
Nucleic acid hybridization
75
Does a greater degree of hybridization indicated a lesser degree of relatedness in nucleic acid hybridization?
No
76
Does hybridization of greater than %50 indicate two organisms are the same species?
No
77
Does hybridization of greater than >70% indicate two organisms are the same species?
Yes
78
What are dichotomous keys?
Identification keys based on successive questions
79
What are cladograms?
Maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms based on rRNA sequences
80
These are identification keys based on successive questions
Dichotomous keys
81
These are maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms and are based on rRNA sequences
Cladograms

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