Mechanism of Learning/Memory

Question 1

these are good for study because we can select random mutations and study effects on behavior

Answer 1

drosophila

Question 2

these are good to be used because they are similar anatomy to humans and are used to study explicit memory

Answer 2

mice

Question 3

aplysia reflexive withdrawal of gill following stimulation of siphone

Answer 3

implicit memory

Question 4

learning to ignore a repeated stimulus

Answer 4

habituation

Question 5

repeated stimulation of siphon results in reduction of epsp in interneuron and motor neuron, and reduced withdrawal of the gills lasting minutes

Answer 5

short term habituation

Question 6

continued stimulation of siphone results in habituation of gill reflex lasting weeks

Answer 6

long term habituation

Question 7

decrease in the number of synaptic contacts between sensory and motor neurons requires blank

Answer 7

protein synthesis

Question 8

decreasing the number of synaptic contacts is called blank and is in long term habituation

Answer 8

pruning,

Question 9

repeated exposure to harmful stimulus causes heightened response/enhancement of reflex

Answer 9

sensitization

Question 10

in sensitization, a blank neuron stimulated by a tail shock releases blank onto presynaptic terminal

Answer 10

facilitator, serotonin

Question 11

serotonin causes an increase in blank which activates blank

Answer 11

cAMP, PKA

Question 12

closing K channels too soon causes blank

Answer 12

prolonged depolarization

Question 13

increase glutamate from sensory cell

Answer 13

heterosynaptic facilitation

Question 14

learning to associate one type of stimulus with another

Answer 14

classical conditioning

Question 15

converting short term memory to long term

Answer 15

consolidation

Question 16

consolidation involves changes in gene expression and blank

Answer 16

protein synthesis

Question 17

high cAMP leads to prolonged activation of blank which activates blank transciption facotr which codes for blank

Answer 17

PKA, CREB, gene expression

Question 18

short term memory storage has a change in the amount of nt release from blank, alter blank influx, and change in opening/closing of blank

Answer 18

presynaptic cell, calcium, K+ channels

Question 19

long term memory storage changes the number of blank which leads to gene expression and blank which takes a while to occur

Answer 19

synapses, protein synthesis

Question 20

gene products generated during long term storage can only be used where

Answer 20

at that specific synapse

Question 21

mutation of fruit flies that is a defective cAMP phosphodiesterase

Answer 21

dunce mutation

Question 22

mutation that is defective Ca dependent adenylate cyclase

Answer 22

rutabaga mutation

Question 23

cAMP pathway is very important for blank

Answer 23

learning/memory

Question 24

used for studies of implicit learned motor behavior, and can easily record from neural circuits

Answer 24

aplysia

Question 25

short term habituation is due to blank of synaptic vesicles

Answer 25

depletion

Question 26

long term habituation is due to blank

Answer 26

synaptic pruning

Question 27

sensitization in short term memory is due to cAMP, PKA signaling where blank increases

Answer 27

nt release

Question 28

long term sensitization is characterized by increased blank

Answer 28

number of synapses

Question 29

main explicit memory circuit

Answer 29

hippocampus

Question 30

donald hebb said that explicit learning occurs if a synapse is strengthened every time presynaptic and postsynaptic activity is blank

Answer 30

correlated

Question 31

long lasting increase in epsp amplitude

Answer 31

long term potentiation

Question 32

glutamate binding alone is insufficient to trigger opening of blank receptors due to blank block

Answer 32

nmda, mg

Question 33

large depolarization of postsynaptic cell membrane needed to expel Mg block via

Answer 33

electrostatic repulsion

Question 34

receptor is only functional when bound to glutamate and cell membrane is already depolarized

Answer 34

coincidence detection

Question 35

calcium influx via nmda receptors if vital for blank

Answer 35

long term potentiation

Question 36

depolarization is not large enough to expel Mg block so no ltp

Answer 36

normal synaptic transmission

Question 37

activation of multiple inputs generates depolarzation large enough to expel mg block so ltp occurs

Answer 37

cooperativitiy

Question 38

simultaneous strong and weak inputs and creates ltp for both synapses

Answer 38

associativity

Question 39

unstimulated synapse does not undergo ltp (this ensures memories are selective and only formed at active synapses)

Answer 39

synapse specificity

Question 40

phase of ltp that has insertion of ampa receptors and no stimulation of presynaptic cell

Answer 40

early

Question 41

phase of ltp that has activation of transcription factors, protein synthesis, and new connections

Answer 41

late

Question 42

nmda receptors are needed for ltp in blank and blank memory

Answer 42

hippocampus, spatial

Question 43

experiment that shows important of nmda receptors

Answer 43

morris water maze

Question 44

overexpression of nmda subunit can cause quicker blank in mammals

Answer 44

learning

Question 45

reduction in synaptic strength following prolonged low frequency stimulation

Answer 45

long term depression

Question 46

modest depolarization of postsynaptic cell is less effective at removing blank due to a low blank

Answer 46

mg block, ca influx

Question 47

presynaptic memory storage is due to synaptic vesicle blank or increased blank

Answer 47

depletion, nt release

Question 48

postsynaptic memory storage is due to insertion of blank and there is blank signaling to presynaptic cell

Answer 48

ampa receptors, no

Question 49

production of new neurons in hippocampus

Answer 49

neurgenesis

Question 50

increase neurogenesis increases blank

Answer 50

learning/memory

Question 51

hearing loss is associated with blank neurogenesis and cognitive decline

Answer 51

decreased