Mechanism of Learning/Memory Flashcards
these are good for study because we can select random mutations and study effects on behavior
drosophila
these are good to be used because they are similar anatomy to humans and are used to study explicit memory
mice
aplysia reflexive withdrawal of gill following stimulation of siphone
implicit memory
learning to ignore a repeated stimulus
habituation
repeated stimulation of siphon results in reduction of epsp in interneuron and motor neuron, and reduced withdrawal of the gills lasting minutes
short term habituation
continued stimulation of siphone results in habituation of gill reflex lasting weeks
long term habituation
decrease in the number of synaptic contacts between sensory and motor neurons requires blank
protein synthesis
decreasing the number of synaptic contacts is called blank and is in long term habituation
pruning,
repeated exposure to harmful stimulus causes heightened response/enhancement of reflex
sensitization
in sensitization, a blank neuron stimulated by a tail shock releases blank onto presynaptic terminal
facilitator, serotonin
serotonin causes an increase in blank which activates blank
cAMP, PKA
closing K channels too soon causes blank
prolonged depolarization
increase glutamate from sensory cell
heterosynaptic facilitation
learning to associate one type of stimulus with another
classical conditioning
converting short term memory to long term
consolidation
consolidation involves changes in gene expression and blank
protein synthesis
high cAMP leads to prolonged activation of blank which activates blank transciption facotr which codes for blank
PKA, CREB, gene expression
short term memory storage has a change in the amount of nt release from blank, alter blank influx, and change in opening/closing of blank
presynaptic cell, calcium, K+ channels
long term memory storage changes the number of blank which leads to gene expression and blank which takes a while to occur
synapses, protein synthesis
gene products generated during long term storage can only be used where
at that specific synapse
mutation of fruit flies that is a defective cAMP phosphodiesterase
dunce mutation
mutation that is defective Ca dependent adenylate cyclase
rutabaga mutation
cAMP pathway is very important for blank
learning/memory
used for studies of implicit learned motor behavior, and can easily record from neural circuits
aplysia
short term habituation is due to blank of synaptic vesicles
depletion
long term habituation is due to blank
synaptic pruning
sensitization in short term memory is due to cAMP, PKA signaling where blank increases
nt release
long term sensitization is characterized by increased blank
number of synapses
main explicit memory circuit
hippocampus
donald hebb said that explicit learning occurs if a synapse is strengthened every time presynaptic and postsynaptic activity is blank
correlated
long lasting increase in epsp amplitude
long term potentiation
glutamate binding alone is insufficient to trigger opening of blank receptors due to blank block
nmda, mg
large depolarization of postsynaptic cell membrane needed to expel Mg block via
electrostatic repulsion
receptor is only functional when bound to glutamate and cell membrane is already depolarized
coincidence detection
calcium influx via nmda receptors if vital for blank
long term potentiation
depolarization is not large enough to expel Mg block so no ltp
normal synaptic transmission
activation of multiple inputs generates depolarzation large enough to expel mg block so ltp occurs
cooperativitiy
simultaneous strong and weak inputs and creates ltp for both synapses
associativity
unstimulated synapse does not undergo ltp (this ensures memories are selective and only formed at active synapses)
synapse specificity
phase of ltp that has insertion of ampa receptors and no stimulation of presynaptic cell
early
phase of ltp that has activation of transcription factors, protein synthesis, and new connections
late
nmda receptors are needed for ltp in blank and blank memory
hippocampus, spatial
experiment that shows important of nmda receptors
morris water maze
overexpression of nmda subunit can cause quicker blank in mammals
learning
reduction in synaptic strength following prolonged low frequency stimulation
long term depression
modest depolarization of postsynaptic cell is less effective at removing blank due to a low blank
mg block, ca influx
presynaptic memory storage is due to synaptic vesicle blank or increased blank
depletion, nt release
postsynaptic memory storage is due to insertion of blank and there is blank signaling to presynaptic cell
ampa receptors, no
production of new neurons in hippocampus
neurgenesis
increase neurogenesis increases blank
learning/memory
hearing loss is associated with blank neurogenesis and cognitive decline
decreased
