Lab 7 - Start Prac 2 - Auditory & Visual Systems Flashcards
parts of middle ear
ossicles, tympanic membrane
parts of outer ear
pinna, external auditory meatus
inner ear contains blank
cochlea, vestibular system
3 ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
ossicle attached to typmanic membrane
malleus
this ossicle footplate is attached to oval window of inner ear
stapes
malleus is aka
tensor tympani
malleus innervation
trigeminal
stapes innervation
facial nerve
sound waves from the air must enter the blank inner ear
fluid
fluid is blank compressible compared to air
less
most sound hitting fluid is blank
reflected back
part of ear like a transformer that increases pressure in the inner ear fluid
middle ear
area of stapes is blank than tympanic membrane area
less
force at tympanic membrane is blank force at oval window
equal
pressure at the stapes is blank than pressure at tympanic membrane
higher
aka oval window
fenestra vestibuli
aka round window
fenestra cochlea
thin, stiff blank responds best to blank frequency
base, high
wide, flexible blank responds best to blank frequency
apex, low
three fluid spaces of inner ear
scala vestibuli, media, tympani
2 membranes of inner ear
reissners, basilar
hair cells, support cells, and tectorial membrane of inner ear
organ of corti
aka hair cells
stereocilia
inner hair cells are in blank rows and transmit signals to blank
one, auditory nerve
outer hair cells have blank rows and are for blank
three, electromotility
hearing loss due to hair cells or auditory nerve fiber damage
sensorineural
hair cell physical mechanical wave bends stereocilia which causes blank of ion channel
depolarization
hair cells that lead to a change in shape and amplify basilar movement
outer
inner hair cells synapse with blank percent of auditory nerve fibers
90%
outer hair cells synapse with blank percent of cochlear nerve fibers
10%
reflexive contraction of middle ear muscles to dampen loud sounds
acoustic reflex pathway
descending auditory pathway projection that is control over the initiation of auditory signals… may dampen your own voice to protect your hearing
olivocochlear bundle
semicircular canals
ampulae
blank and blank do linear acceleration
utricle, saccule
crystals in utricle and saccule
otoconia
otoconia can fall into blank
posterior canal
when otoconia fall into posterior canal
benign proxysmal positional vertigo
vestibular system is most important for blank
balance/posture/proprioception
head moves one way, eyes move other direction
vestibulo ocular reflex
part of central focus in macula
fovea
macular degeneration damages blank
fovea
part of retina where axons of eye leave to get to the brain
blind spot
visual system blank electromagnetic stimuli into an electrial signal/nerve impulses
transduces
brain turns nerve impulses into blank
perceptions
two types of photoreceptors
cones, rods
peripheral vision uses blank mostly which are good in dim light
rods
color vision in fovea
cones
rods (rhodopsin) blank when light hits them which creates a signal
break apart, (opsin +retinal)
three cell layers of retina
photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion
nasal hemiretina crosses at the blank
optic chiasm
two types of retinal ganglion cells
parvocellular, magnocellular
retinal ganglion cells that are small and near fovea for color
parvocellular
retinal ganglion cells that are large, in periphery, and for motion
magnocellular
there is blank of magnocellular and parvocellular layers
segregation
each layer gets input from blank eyes
one
cortex located in occipital lobe and surrounds calcarine fissure
primary visual cortex
cortical pathway that is input from magnocellular and parvocellular… what an object is…color
ventral stream
cortical pathway that is the “where” or “how”… movement… and is mostly magnocellular input
dorsal stream
