Ch 8 - Synaptic Transmission Flashcards
patch clamp blank current flow from one channel at a time, but voltage clamp causes a blank voltage
measures, fixed
space between postsynaptic cell and presynaptic cell
synapse (apposition zone)
not all channels will blank at certain voltages
open
current flows blank in a current generator
outward
feedback amplifier injects a blank current into the cell to keep it at a fixed voltage
equal and opposite
voltage clamp works as a blank system
negative feedback
synapses that send rapid and stereotyped depolarizing signals
electrical
electrical synapses are good for depolarizing blank neurons simultaneously
multiple
type of synapse that are more flexible, slower, and more variability in types of signals that can be sent
chemical
chemical synapses can produce more blank behaviors
complex
the postsynaptic cell receives about blank percent of the signal that the presynaptic cell has
50%
synaptic delay between presynaptic spike and postsynaptic spike is almost blank because gap junctions are blank
instantaneous, physically connected
electrical gap junctions passively spread blank without a blank
graded signal, action potential
gap junctions are covered with specialized channels that allow current to go through called
gap junction channels
postsynaptic cytoplasm of gap junctions are much blank than normal extracellular space
smaller
these close to cut themselves off from a dying cell so they dont die too
connexin
gap junctions have blank blank channels
hemi
electrical synapses are useful for orchestrating the action of blank
many cells at once,
electric current required to stimulate multiple cells is greater than electric current required to stimulate blank
one cell
electrical synapses do not have blank channels that only allows certain things to pass through
selective
support cells of the nervous system (CNS & PNS)
glial
look at slides for this chapter
ok
electrical synapses are used mostly in blank
lower invertebrates
humans use blank synapses mostly
chemical
chemical messengers from one cell to another in chemical synapses
neurotransmitters
chemical synapses hold neurotransmitter blank is specific places that is directly across from blank
vesicles, receptor of postsynaptic neuron
vesicles are released via
exocytosis
neurotransmitters are made of blank and blank
amino acids/peptides
transmitter is released in blank step, then in second step, neurotransmitters bind to blank and cause a change
1st, receptors
advantages of multiple receptors rather than neurotransmitters
- multiple receptors with slight protein variations
- ability to reuse the neurotransmitter
- can change how many receptors are available
- easier to store a few neurotransmitters
- secondary messengers can change the message
- 500 types of subunits
ionotropic receptors have blank
membrane spanning proteins with extracellular areas that bind nt, carry out effector function in cell
receptors that gate ion channels directly (aka ligand channels)
ionotropic receptor
smaller receptors than ionotropic that are usually only consist of a couple subunits
metabotropic
metabotropic receptors alter somethign on the blank of the cell
inside
g protein coupled receptor is a blank channel
metabotropic
