Major Theories for Understanding Human Development

Question 1

Knowledge of the world based on senses and motor skills; mental representation used by the end of the period

Answer 1

Sensorimotor

Question 2

Symbols such as words and numbers are used within this stage to represent aspects of the world. However, relating to said world only through their perspective.

Answer 2

Preoperational Thought

Question 3

Within this stage, logical operations are understood and applied to experiences - provided one is focused on the here and now.

Answer 3

Concrete Operational Thought

Question 4

Abstract thinking, dealing with hypothetical situations, and speculation about what may be possible are characteristics of…?

Answer 4

Formal Operational Thought

Question 5

Knowledge gained from trusted other and what is known is considered absolutely correct.

Answer 5

Prereflective Reasoning

Question 6

Knowledge is uncertain; judgements are viewed as situationally determined and idiosyncratic

Answer 6

Quasi-Reflective Reasoning

Question 7

Decisions based on best evidence available that are valid; decisions open to revision based on new evidence.

Answer 7

Reflective Reasoning

Question 8

The approximate age for the Sensorimotor Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 8

Birth to 2 years old

Question 9

The approximate age for the Preoperational Thought Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 9

2 to 6 years old

Question 10

The approximate age for the Concrete Operational Thought Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 10

7 years to early adolescence

Question 11

The approximate age for the Formal Operational Thought Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 11

Adolescence and Beyond

Question 12

The approximate age for the Prereflective Reasoning Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 12

Early Adulthood and Beyond

Question 13

The approximate age for the Quasi-reflective Reasoning Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 13

Mid-20’s and Beyond

Question 14

The approximate age for the Reflective Reasoning Stage under the Stages of Cognitive Development is…?

Answer 14

Midlife and Beyond

Question 15

Who created the Ecological Systems Theory?

Answer 15

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 16

The _____ is a system composed of things that have direct contact with the child in their immediate environment. Ex: Parents

Answer 16

Microsystem

Question 17

The _____ is a system composed of interactions between different microsystems in the child’s life. This may also involve interactions between peers and family.
Ex: If a child’s friends use drugs, this may introduce substance use

Answer 17

Mesosystem

Question 18

The _____ is a system that focuses on how cultural elements affect a child’s development, consisting of cultural ideologies, attitudes, and social conditions that children are immersed in.
Ex: Boys raised in patriarchal cultures might be socialized to assume domineering masculine roles.

Answer 18

Macrosystem

Question 19

The _____ is a system that incorporates other formal and informal social structures. While not directly interacting with the child, this system still influences the microsystems.
Ex: A parent’s stressful job and work schedule affects their availability, resources, and mood at home with their child.

Answer 19

Exosystem

Question 20

The _____ is a system that relates to shifts and transitions over the child’s lifetime that influences development.
Ex: Parental divorce or changing schools when parents relocate for work.

Answer 20

Chronosystem

Question 21

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
Psychodynamic Perspective wherein personality develops through sequence of stages

Answer 21

Psychosocial Theory

Question 22

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
Learning Perspective wherein environment controls behavior

Answer 22

Behaviorism

Question 23

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Learning Perspective wherein people learn through modeling and observing

Answer 23

Social Learning Theory

Question 24

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Cognitive Perspective wherein thinking develops in a sequence of stages

Answer 24

Knowledge Construction Theory

Question 25

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Cognitive Perspective** wherein thought develops by increases in efficiency at handling information.

Answer 25

Information-processing Theory

Question 26

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Cognitive Perspective** wherein development is influenced by culture.

Answer 26

Vygotsky’s Theory

Question 27

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Ecological and Systems Perspective** wherein a developing person is embedded in a series of interacting systems.

Answer 27

Bronfenbrenner’s Theory

Question 28

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Ecological and Systems Perspective** wherein adaptation is optimal when ability and demands are in balance

Answer 28

Competence-environmental Press (Lawton and Nahemow)

Question 29

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Life-span Perspective** wherein development is multiply determined ; an optimization of goals.

Answer 29

Life-span perspective & selective optimization with compensation (SOC)

Question 30

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: **Life-course Perspective** wherein life course transitions are decreasingly tied to age; increased continuity overtime; specific life paths across domains are interdependent

Answer 30

Life-course Theory

Question 31

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to develop a sense that the world is safe, or a “good place”.

Answer 31

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 32

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions and doubt.

Answer 32

Autonomy vs. Shame

Question 33

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.

Answer 33

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 34

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to learn basic skills and to work with others.

Answer 34

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 35

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to develop a lasting, integrated sense of self

Answer 35

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Question 36

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to commit to another in a loving relationship.

Answer 36

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 37

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to contribute to younger people through child rearing, childcare, mentoring, or other intergenerational work

Answer 37

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 38

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The challenge for this psychosocial stage is to view one’s life as satisfactory and having been worth living.

Answer 38

Integrity vs. Despair

Question 39

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **Basic Trust vs. ____** develop?

Answer 39

1) Birth to 1 year 2) Mistrust

Question 40

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **Autonomy vs. ____** develop?

Answer 40

1) 1 to 3 years 2) Shame

Question 41

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **Initiative vs. ____** develop?

Answer 41

1) 3 to 6 years 2) Guilt

Question 42

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **_____ vs. Inferiority** develop?

Answer 42

1) 6 years to adolescence 2) Industry

Question 43

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **Identity vs. ____** develop?

Answer 43

1) Adolescence 2) Identity Confusion

Question 44

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **_____ vs. Isolation** develop?

Answer 44

1) Young adulthood 2) Intimacy

Question 45

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **_____ vs. Stagnation** develop?

Answer 45

1) Middle Adulthood 2) Generativity

Question 46

At what 1) **age** does one’s psychosocial stage of 2) **_____ vs. Despair** develop?

Answer 46

1) Late Life 2) Integrity