ASU Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy Flashcards
PATTERNS OF GROWTH: A developmental sequence wherein the earliest growth always occurs at the top, gradually working its way down to the bottom.
Cephalocaudal Pattern
PATTERNS OF GROWTH: Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
Proximodistal Pattern
TRUE or FALSE: Newborns grow about 2 inches per month during the first year
FALSE ; Newborns grow only about 1 inch per month
The brain contains approximately ____ neurons at birth.
100 Billion
A syndrome that induces brain swelling and hemorrhaging in babies.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Machine that measures the brain’s electrical activity.
Electroencephalogram
Portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord, includes the cerebral cortex and structures beneath it.
Forebrain
Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
Lateralization
A nerve cell that handles information processing
Neurons
A layer of fat cells that helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon
Myelin Sheath
The tiny gaps between a neuron’s fibers.
Neurotransmitters
The process of encasing axons with fat cells
Myelination
A view suggesting that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development.
Neuroconstructivist View
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because sleep is necessary for survival
Evolutionary Perspective
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because it cleans out waste in the neural tissue and rebuilds and replenishes the brain and body
Restorative Function
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because it increases synaptic connections between neurons
Critical for Brain Plasticity
TRUE or FALSE: A typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Approximately nearly all hours of an infant’s sleep is under REM sleep
FALSE ; only half of it is spent in REM sleep
SHARED SLEEPING: Sharing a bed is common practice in cultures such as those from ___ or ___.
Guatemala or China
SHARED SLEEPING: Infants usually sleep in a crib, either in a separate room or their parents’ room in cultures such as those from ____ or ____.
The US or Great Britain
A syndrome that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night - resulting in death without an apparent cause.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
TRUE or FALSE: It’s theorized that sleep may be linked to cognitive development because of sleep’s role in brain maturation and memory consolidation.
TRUE
How many calories should infants approximately consume per day for each pound they weigh?
50 Calories
Between breast feeding or bottle feeding - which is better for the baby?
Breast Feeding
Provide at least three beneficial outcomes of breast feeding for a child
- Lower gastrointestinal infections
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Protects against wheezing in babies
- Less likely to develop middle ear infections
- Less likely to become overweight or obese
- Less likely to develop Type 1 Diabetes
- Less likely to experience SIDS
Provide at least one beneficial outcome of breast feeding for the childbearer
- Lower incidence of breast and ovarian cancer
- Small reduction in Type 2 Diabetes
Provide a reason as to why a childbearer should not breastfeed.
- When infected with HIV or other infectious diseases
- When inflicted with active tuberculosis
- When under drug influence
Wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency
Marasmus
Caused by severe protein deficiency, wherein a child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water.
Kwashiorkor
A theory suggesting that infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
Dynamic Systems Theory
Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern a newborn’s movements ; are automatic and beyond a newborn’s control.
Reflexes
Type of skills that induce large muscle activities such as walking as well as inducing the development of posture.
Gross Motor Skills
Dynamic process linked with sensory information on the skin, joints and muscles which tell us where we are in space.
Posture
Type of skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.
Fine Motor Skills
Type of grasp wherein the child grips something with their whole hand.
Palmer Grasp
Type of grasp wherein the child grasps small objects using their thumb and forefinger.
Pincer Grip
This occurs when information interacts with our sensory receptors, such as our eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils or skin.
Sensation
A body’s interpretation of what it just sensed.
Perception
Perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation according to …
J.J Gibson’s Ecological View
Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities ot perform functional activities
Affordances
A method that determines whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli.
Visual Preference Method
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repreated presentations of it.
Habituation
Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
Dishabituation
TRUE or FALSE: Color vision manifests within an infant once they’re 9-12 weeks old
FALSE ; it manifests as early as 4-8 weeks
Sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant
Perceptual Constancy
Type of constancy wherein there is a recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from it.
Size Constancy
Type of constancy wherein there is a recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation changes
Shape Constancy
TRUE or FALSE: Babies hear sounds during the last 2 months of pregnancy
TRUE
Form of perception that involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
Intermodal Perception
Nature proponents ; our ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn or innate
Nativists
Emphasis on learning and experience
Empiricists
TRUE or FALSE: Perception and action are NOT isolated, but are coupled.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: We perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive.
TRUE
The 4 Major Lobes of the Brain are…?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
