ASU Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

PATTERNS OF GROWTH: A developmental sequence wherein the earliest growth always occurs at the top, gradually working its way down to the bottom.

Answer 1

Cephalocaudal Pattern

Question 2

PATTERNS OF GROWTH: Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Answer 2

Proximodistal Pattern

Question 3

TRUE or FALSE: Newborns grow about 2 inches per month during the first year

Answer 3

FALSE ; Newborns grow only about 1 inch per month

Question 4

The brain contains approximately ____ neurons at birth.

Answer 4

100 Billion

Question 5

A syndrome that induces brain swelling and hemorrhaging in babies.

Answer 5

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Question 6

Machine that measures the brain’s electrical activity.

Answer 6

Electroencephalogram

Question 7

Portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord, includes the cerebral cortex and structures beneath it.

Answer 7

Forebrain

Question 8

Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

Answer 8

Lateralization

Question 9

A nerve cell that handles information processing

Answer 9

Neurons

Question 10

A layer of fat cells that helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

Answer 10

Myelin Sheath

Question 11

The tiny gaps between a neuron’s fibers.

Answer 11

Neurotransmitters

Question 12

The process of encasing axons with fat cells

Answer 12

Myelination

Question 13

A view suggesting that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development.

Answer 13

Neuroconstructivist View

Question 14

WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because sleep is necessary for survival

Answer 14

Evolutionary Perspective

Question 15

WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because it cleans out waste in the neural tissue and rebuilds and replenishes the brain and body

Answer 15

Restorative Function

Question 16

WHY DO WE SLEEP?
- Because it increases synaptic connections between neurons

Answer 16

Critical for Brain Plasticity

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE: A typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

TRUE or FALSE: Approximately nearly all hours of an infant’s sleep is under REM sleep

Answer 18

FALSE ; only half of it is spent in REM sleep

Question 19

SHARED SLEEPING: Sharing a bed is common practice in cultures such as those from ___ or ___.

Answer 19

Guatemala or China

Question 20

SHARED SLEEPING: Infants usually sleep in a crib, either in a separate room or their parents’ room in cultures such as those from ____ or ____.

Answer 20

The US or Great Britain

Question 21

A syndrome that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night - resulting in death without an apparent cause.

Answer 21

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE: It’s theorized that sleep may be linked to cognitive development because of sleep’s role in brain maturation and memory consolidation.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

How many calories should infants approximately consume per day for each pound they weigh?

Answer 23

50 Calories

Question 24

Between breast feeding or bottle feeding - which is better for the baby?

Answer 24

Breast Feeding

Question 25

Provide at least three beneficial outcomes of breast feeding for a child

Answer 25

- Lower gastrointestinal infections - Lower respiratory tract infections - Protects against wheezing in babies - Less likely to develop middle ear infections - Less likely to become overweight or obese - Less likely to develop Type 1 Diabetes - Less likely to experience SIDS

Question 26

Provide at least one beneficial outcome of breast feeding for the childbearer

Answer 26

- Lower incidence of breast and ovarian cancer - Small reduction in Type 2 Diabetes

Question 27

Provide a reason as to why a childbearer should not breastfeed.

Answer 27

- When infected with HIV or other infectious diseases - When inflicted with active tuberculosis - When under drug influence

Question 28

Wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year, caused by **severe protein-calorie deficiency**

Answer 28

Marasmus

Question 29

Caused by **severe protein deficiency**, wherein a child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water.

Answer 29

Kwashiorkor

Question 30

A theory suggesting that infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

Answer 30

Dynamic Systems Theory

Question 31

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern a newborn’s movements ; are **automatic** and beyond a newborn’s control.

Answer 31

Reflexes

Question 32

Type of skills that induce large muscle activities such as walking as well as inducing the development of posture.

Answer 32

Gross Motor Skills

Question 33

Dynamic process linked with sensory information on the skin, joints and muscles which tell us where we are in space.

Answer 33

Posture

Question 34

Type of skills that involve more **finely tuned movements**, such as finger dexterity.

Answer 34

Fine Motor Skills

Question 35

Type of **grasp** wherein the child grips something with their whole hand.

Answer 35

Palmer Grasp

Question 36

Type of **grasp** wherein the child grasps small objects using their thumb and forefinger.

Answer 36

Pincer Grip

Question 37

This occurs when information interacts with our sensory receptors, such as our eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils or skin.

Answer 37

Sensation

Question 38

A body’s interpretation of what it just sensed.

Answer 38

Perception

Question 39

Perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation according to …

Answer 39

J.J Gibson’s Ecological View

Question 40

Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities ot perform functional activities

Answer 40

Affordances

Question 41

A method that determines whether infants can **distinguish one stimulus from another** by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli.

Answer 41

Visual Preference Method

Question 42

**Decreased responsiveness** to a stimulus after repreated presentations of it.

Answer 42

Habituation

Question 43

**Recovery of a habituated response** after a change in stimulation

Answer 43

Dishabituation

Question 44

TRUE or FALSE: Color vision manifests within an infant once they’re 9-12 weeks old

Answer 44

FALSE ; it manifests as early as **4-8 weeks**

Question 45

Sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant

Answer 45

Perceptual Constancy

Question 46

Type of constancy wherein there is a recognition that an object remains the same *even though* the **retinal image of the object changes** as you move toward or away from it.

Answer 46

Size Constancy

Question 47

Type of constancy wherein there is a recognition that an object’s shape remains the same *even though* **its orientation changes**

Answer 47

Shape Constancy

Question 48

TRUE or FALSE: Babies hear sounds during the last 2 months of pregnancy

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

Form of perception that involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities

Answer 49

Intermodal Perception

Question 50

Nature proponents ; our ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is **inborn** or **innate**

Answer 50

Nativists

Question 51

Emphasis on learning and experience

Answer 51

Empiricists

Question 52

TRUE or FALSE: **Perception and action** are NOT isolated, but are **coupled**.

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

TRUE or FALSE: We perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive.

Answer 53

TRUE

Question 54

The 4 Major Lobes of the Brain are…?

Answer 54

- Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temporal