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Developmental Psychology > ASU Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

ASU Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

A

Natural Selection

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2
Q

Behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

A

Adaptive Behavior

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3
Q

A form of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Psychological mechanisms are domain-specific under Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Natural Selection primarily operates during the final stage of life

A

FALSE ; It primarily operates during the first half of life

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Evolution gave us biological potentialities, meaning it dictates our behavior

A

FALSE ; These potentialities do not dictate our behavior

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7
Q

Threadlike structures in our body made up of deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Does the nucleus of each cell contain chromosomes?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic information

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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10
Q

Units of hereditary information composed of DNA

A

Genes

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11
Q

A method that helps identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease.

A

Genome-wide Association Method

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12
Q

Helps discover the location of a gene or genes in relation to a marker gene

A

Linkage Analysis

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13
Q

Form of sequencing that describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a reduced cost and in a shorter period of time

A

Next-generation Sequencing

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14
Q

Provide the name of the most detailed study of human genetic variation to date.

A

Thousand Genomes Project

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The activity of genes is unaffected by their environment.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Provide the three possible factors that can influence gene expression

A
  • Stress
  • Radiation
  • Temperature
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17
Q

Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: During mitosis, do the two newly formed cells contain the same DNA as its parent cell?

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Cell division that forms sperm and eggs

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

Stage in reproduction wherein an egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote

A

Fertilization

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21
Q

Single cell formed through fertilization

A

Zygote

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22
Q

Type of twins that develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person

A

Identical or Monozygotic Twins

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23
Q

Type of twins that develop when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

A

Fraternal or Dizygotic Twins

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24
Q

A form of genes that is a permanently altered segment of DNA

A

Mutated Gene

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25
Q

A form of genes that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging

A

Susceptibility Genes

26
Q

A form of genes that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age

A

Longevity Genes

27
Q

GENOTYPE or PHENOTYPE: Person’s genetic heritage

A

Genotype

28
Q

GENOTYPE or PHENOTYPE: Way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

A

Phenotype

29
Q

GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Principle wherein one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene

A

Dominant-recessive genes Principle

30
Q

GENETIC PRINCIPLES: When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance

A

Sex-linked genes

31
Q

GENETIC PRINCIPLES: This process occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

A

Genetic Imprinting

32
Q

GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in the influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases and development

A

Gene-gene interaction

33
Q

GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Determined by the interaction of many different genes

A

Polygenically Determined

34
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an extra chromosome 21 causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

A

Down Syndrome

35
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an extra X chromosome (XXY) in males causes physical abnormalities.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

36
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention spans

A

Fragile X Syndrome

37
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein a missing X chromosome (XO) in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.

A

Turner Syndrome

38
Q

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an extra Y chromosome (XYY) in males can cause above-average height.

A

XYY Syndrome

39
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

40
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells

A

Sickle-cell Anemia

41
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

42
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

A

Diabetes

43
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

A

Hemophilia

44
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Deterioration of the Central Nervous System, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

A

Huntington’s Disease

45
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

A

Spine Bifida

46
Q

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the Nervous System

A

Tay-sachs Disease

47
Q

Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

A

Infertility

48
Q

Form of fertilization in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish

A

In vitro Fertilization (IVF)

49
Q

In the context of fertility, what does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro Fertilization

50
Q

Social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth

A

Adoption

51
Q

Form of study wherein behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared

A

Twin Study

52
Q

Form of study that seeks to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive or biological parents.

A

Adoption Study

53
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein biological parents provide rearing environment for children.

A

Passive

54
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

A

Evocative

55
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

A

Active

56
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when musically inclined parents have musically inclined children due to the environment rich in music that they’ve provided for them.

A

Passive

57
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when a happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others

A

Evocative

58
Q

HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when a child seeks out a library because they have an intellectual interest in books

A

Active

59
Q

Provide at least one common/shared environmental experience between siblings

A
  • Parent’s personalities and intellectual orientation
  • Family’s socioeconomic status
  • Their neighborhood
60
Q

A view suggesting that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

A

Epigenetic View

Developmental Psychology (28 decks)

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