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Developmental Psychology > ASU Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

ASU Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

A

Natural Selection

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2
Q

Behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

A

Adaptive Behavior

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3
Q

A form of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Psychological mechanisms are domain-specific under Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Natural Selection primarily operates during the final stage of life

A

FALSE ; It primarily operates during the first half of life

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Evolution gave us biological potentialities, meaning it dictates our behavior

A

FALSE ; These potentialities do not dictate our behavior

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7
Q

Threadlike structures in our body made up of deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Does the nucleus of each cell contain chromosomes?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic information

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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10
Q

Units of hereditary information composed of DNA

A

Genes

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11
Q

A method that helps identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease.

A

Genome-wide Association Method

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12
Q

Helps discover the location of a gene or genes in relation to a marker gene

A

Linkage Analysis

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13
Q

Form of sequencing that describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a reduced cost and in a shorter period of time

A

Next-generation Sequencing

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14
Q

Provide the name of the most detailed study of human genetic variation to date.

A

Thousand Genomes Project

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The activity of genes is unaffected by their environment.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Provide the three possible factors that can influence gene expression

A
  • Stress
  • Radiation
  • Temperature
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17
Q

Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: During mitosis, do the two newly formed cells contain the same DNA as its parent cell?

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Cell division that forms sperm and eggs

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

Stage in reproduction wherein an egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote

A

Fertilization

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21
Q

Single cell formed through fertilization

A

Zygote

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22
Q

Type of twins that develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person

A

Identical or Monozygotic Twins

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23
Q

Type of twins that develop when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

A

Fraternal or Dizygotic Twins

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24
Q

A form of genes that is a permanently altered segment of DNA

A

Mutated Gene

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25
A form of genes that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging
Susceptibility Genes
26
A form of genes that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age
Longevity Genes
27
GENOTYPE or PHENOTYPE: Person’s genetic heritage
Genotype
28
GENOTYPE or PHENOTYPE: Way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
Phenotype
29
GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Principle wherein one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, **overriding** the potential influence of the other gene
Dominant-recessive genes Principle
30
GENETIC PRINCIPLES: When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance
Sex-linked genes
31
GENETIC PRINCIPLES: This process occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene
Genetic Imprinting
32
GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in the influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases and development
Gene-gene interaction
33
GENETIC PRINCIPLES: Determined by the interaction of many different genes
Polygenically Determined
34
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an **extra chromosome 21** causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
Down Syndrome
35
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an **extra X chromosome (XXY)** in males causes physical abnormalities.
Klinefelter Syndrome
36
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an **abnormality in the X chromosome** can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention spans
Fragile X Syndrome
37
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein a **missing X chromosome (XO)** in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.
Turner Syndrome
38
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY: Wherein an **extra Y chromosome (XYY)** in males can cause above-average height.
XYY Syndrome
39
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Genetic disorder in which an individual **cannot properly metabolize** an amino acid called **phenylalanine**
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
40
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Genetic disorder that **affects the red blood cells**
Sickle-cell Anemia
41
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: **Glandular dysfunction** that interferes with mucus production.
Cystic Fibrosis
42
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: Body **does not produce enough insulin**, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
Diabetes
43
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: **Delayed blood clotting** causes internal and external bleeding
Hemophilia
44
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: **Deterioration of the Central Nervous System**, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
Huntington’s Disease
45
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: **Neural tube disorder** that causes brain and **spine** abnormalities
Spine Bifida
46
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES: **Deceleration of mental and physical development** caused by **accumulation of lipids** in the Nervous System
Tay-sachs Disease
47
Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception
Infertility
48
Form of fertilization in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
In vitro Fertilization (IVF)
49
In the context of fertility, what does IVF stand for?
In vitro Fertilization
50
Social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth
Adoption
51
Form of study wherein behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared
Twin Study
52
Form of study that seeks to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive or biological parents.
Adoption Study
53
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein biological parents provide rearing environment for children.
Passive
54
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Evocative
55
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: Type of correlation wherein children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating
Active
56
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when musically inclined parents have musically inclined children due to the environment rich in music that they’ve provided for them.
Passive
57
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when a happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others
Evocative
58
HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION: An example of this correlation is when a child seeks out a library because they have an intellectual interest in books
Active
59
Provide at least one common/shared environmental experience between siblings
- Parent’s personalities and intellectual orientation - Family’s socioeconomic status - Their neighborhood
60
A view suggesting that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
Epigenetic View

Developmental Psychology (28 decks)

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