ASU Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q
  • Hardware of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain
  • Involve speed and accuracy of the processes
A

Cognitive mechanics

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2
Q
  • Culture-based software programs of the mind
  • Include reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and types of knowledge that help to master or cope with life
A

Cognitive pragmatics

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3
Q

Considerable individual variation in this ability due to a decline in functioning of the brain and central nervous system

A

Speed of processing

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4
Q

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others

A

Selective attention

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5
Q

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

A

Divided attention

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6
Q

Focused and extended engagement with an aspect of the environment

A

Sustained attention

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7
Q

Aspects of thinking that include planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

A

Executive attention

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8
Q
  • Facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
  • Declines as the person ages
A

Explicit memory

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9
Q

Retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings

A

Episodic memory

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10
Q

Person’s knowledge about the world

A

Semantic memory

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11
Q
  • Memory without conscious recollection that involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
  • Less likely to be adversely affected by aging
A

Implicit memory

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12
Q

Cognitive resource mechanisms that decline as the person ages

A

Working memory and perceptual speed

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13
Q

Ability to remember where one learned something

A

Source memory

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14
Q

Remembering to do something in the future

A

Prospective memory

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15
Q

Aspects of working memory that decline in older adults involve:

A
  • Updating memory representations that are relevant for the task at hand
  • Replacing old, no longer relevant information
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16
Q

Preserved rather well in older adults

A

Decision making

17
Q

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters

18
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Cognitive factors are better predictors of wisdom than personality-related factors.

A

FALSE. Personality-factors are better predictors of wisdom.

19
Q

Best described as slow and steady

A

Terminal decline

20
Q

Research suggests that mental exercise may:

A
  • Reduce cognitive decline
  • Lower the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease
21
Q

Discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning

A

Cognitive neuroscience

22
Q

Reasons for decline in language

A
  • Slower information processing speed
  • Decline in working memory
23
Q

One of the best predictors of job performance in older adults

A

Cognitive ability

24
Q

On average, workers will spend __ to __ percent of their lives in retirement

A

10 to 15 percent

25
__ percent of those in their sixties and __ percent in their seventies are still working
- 33 percent - 11 percent
26
- Mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored - Less common among older adults than younger adults
Major depression
27
Common predictors of major depression among older adults
- Earlier depressive symptoms - Poor health or disability - Loss events - Low social support
28
Neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
Dementia
29
__ percent of women and __ percent of men __ years and older are at risk for developing dementia
- 23 percent - 17 percent - 85 years and older
30
- Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function - Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s disease
31
TRUE or FALSE: Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease because they live longer than men.
TRUE
32
Alzheimer’s involves a deficiency in the brain of messenger chemical ______________
Acetylcholine
33
Represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early disease
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
34
TRUE or FALSE: fMRI shows bigger brain regions involved in memory for individuals with MCI.
FALSE. They show smaller brain regions.
35
Slow the downward progression of Alzheimer's
Cholinerase inhibitors and other drugs
36
Services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly
Respite care
37
- Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis - Triggered by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
Parkinson's disease
38
TRUE or FALSE: Older adults receive disproportionately fewer mental health services.
TRUE