ASU Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards by Nick Tabaldo

Provide at least one (1) importance of studying Life-span Development

Prepares individual to take responsibility for children
Gives insight about individual’s lives
Provides knowledge about what individuals’ lives will be like as they age

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Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through lifespan.

Involves growth as well as decline brought on by aging and dying.

Development

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Constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.

Life-span perspective

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Upper boundary of the human lifespan is ____ years.

122

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What is the average life expectancy?

79 years

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TRUE or FALSE: There are currently more people over 60 than under 15

TRUE

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TRUE or FALSE: Society is NOT reflective of the needs of younger individuals

FALSE ; it is

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Provide at least 3 characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective

Development is/involves:
- Lifelong
- Multidimensional
- Multidirectional
- Plastic
- Multidisciplinary
- Contextual
- Growth, maintenance and regulation of loss
- Co-construction of biology, culture, and individual

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TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES: Form of influence similar for individuals in a particular age group

Normative age-graded influences

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TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES: Form of influence common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

Normative history-graded influences

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TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES: Form of influence involving unusual occurences that have a major impact on an individual’s life.

Nonnormative life events

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What are the 4 contemporary concerns under the Life-span Perspective?

Health and well-being
Parenting and education
Sociocultural contexts and diversity
Social Policy

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Behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

Culture

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A type of study involving a comparison of one culture with one or more cultures.

Cross-cultural studies

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Based on cultural heritage, nationality, characteristics, race, religion and language

Ethnicity

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Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic Status

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Characteristics of people as males or females

Gender

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National government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

Social Policy

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Enumerate the 3 processes under the Nature of Development

Biological
Cognitive
Socioemotional

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A process under the Nature of Development that includes changes in an individual’s physical nature.

Biological Processes

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A process under the Nature of Development that includes an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

Cognitive Processes

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A process under the Nature of Development that involves changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, emotions and personality.

Socioemotional Processes

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TRUE or FALSE: Are the biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes bidirectional and inextricably intertwined?

TRUE

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A form of neuroscience that explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

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A form of neuroscience that examines connections between **socioemotional** processes, development, and the brain

Developmental Social Neuroscience

Refers to a time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features

Developmental Period

Enumerate the eight (8) Periods of Development

- Prenatal Period - Infancy - Early Childhood - Middle and Late Childhood - Adolescence - Early Adulthood - Middle Adulthood - Late Adulthood

What is the age range of the **Prenatal Period** under the Periods of Development?

Conception to Birth

What is the age range of **Infancy** under the Periods of Development?

Birth to 18-24 Months

What is the age range of **Early Childhood** under the Periods of Development?

3-5 Years Old

What is the age range of **Middle and Late Childhood** under the Periods of Development?

6-10/11 Years Old

What is the age range of **Adolescence** under the Periods of Development?

10-12 to 18-21 Years Old

What is the age range of **Early Adulthood** under the Periods of Development?

20s and 30s

What is the age range of **Middle Adulthood** under the Periods of Development?

40s and 50s

What is the age range of **Late Adulthood** under the Periods of Development?

60s-70s till Death

Those who focus on adult development and aging typically describe life-span in terms of?

Four Ages

Under the Four Ages, this age contains Childhood and Adolescence

First Age

Under the Four Ages, this age contains Prime Adulthood (ages 20 through 59)

Second Age

Under the Four Ages, this age contains people of ages approximately 60 to 79

Third Age

Under the Four Ages, this age contains people of ages approximately 80 years and older

Fourth Age

TRUE or FALSE: Development in one period is NOT connected to development in another period

FALSE

A form of aging that characterizes most individuals

Normal Aging

A form of aging that characterizes those who show greater than average decline

Pathological Aging

A form of aging whose positive development is maintained longer

Successful Aging

What are the 3 Developmental Patterns of Aging?

Normal, Pathological and Successful

Age describing number of years that have elapsed since birth

Chronological Age

Age in terms of biological health

Biological Age

Age that describes an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Psychological Age

Age that describes a connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

Social Age

A form of Developmental Issue wherein it is a debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture

Nature-nurture Issue

An organism’s biological inheritance

Nature

One’s environmental experiences

Nurture

A form of Developmental Issue wherein it is a debate about whether an individual becomes an older rendition of their early experience or develops into someone different from who they were at an earlier point in development

Stability-change Issue

A form of Developmental Issue wherein it is a debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Continuity-discontinuity Issue

What are the six (6) theories under Theories of Development?

- Psychoanalytic - Cognitive - Behavioral and Social Cognitive - Ethological - Ecological - Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information

Scientific Method

The 4 steps under the Scientific Method

- Problem Conceptualization - Data Collection - Conclusion - Revision of Conclusion and Theory

Interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions

Theory

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

Hypotheses

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Theory wherein development is primarily *unconscious* and heavily colored by emotion ; **early experiences with parents** extensively shape development

Psychoanalytic Theory

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: A theory that places human development under **eight** stages. Ex. Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: What are the Four Stages under Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?

- Sensorimotor - Preoperational - Concrete Operational - Formal Operational

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.

Vygotsky’s Theory

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

Information-processing Theory

BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Theory wherein development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by **punishment** and **reward**

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Theory that emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: What are the three interacting factors under Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model?

- Behavior - Person/Cognitive - Environment

ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Study of behavior that stresses the fact that its strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethology

ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: Who helped bring Ethology to prominence?

Konrad Lorenz

ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: He theorized that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the lifespan.

John Bowlby

TRUE or FALSE: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation follows only one theoretical approach.

FALSE ; It selects from any theory wherein its considered the best.

Enumerate the 5 Methods for Collecting Data

- Observation - Survey and Interview - Standardized Test - Case Study - Physiological Measures

Studies that involve observing behavior in real-world settings

Naturalistic Observation

Enumerate the 3 Research Designs

- Descriptive Research - Correlational Research - Experimental Research

RESEARCH DESIGNS: Type of research designed to observe and record behavior

Descriptive Research

RESEARCH DESIGNS: Type of research used to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

Correlational Research

RESEARCH DESIGNS: A number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables

Correlation Coefficient

RESEARCH DESIGNS: Type of research that contains independent and dependent variables as well as experimental and control groups

Experimental Research

TIME SPAN OF RESEARCH: A research **approach** wherein individuals of different ages are compared at one time.

Cross-sectional Approach

TIME SPAN OF RESEARCH: A research **approach** wherein the same individuals are studied over a long period of time, usually several years or more.

Longitudinal Approach

TIME SPAN OF RESEARCH: Effects due to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person’s actual age.

Cohort Effects

A form of ethnic bias wherein it uses an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it really is.

Ethnic Gloss