ASU Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development In Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

BODY GROWTH and CHANGE:
Growth averages _______ inches per year

Answer 1

2-3

Question 2

BODY GROWTH and CHANGE:
Weight gain averages _______ pounds a year

Answer 2

5-7

Question 3

BODY GROWTH and CHANGE:
TRUE or FALSE: Head circumference and waist circumference increase in relation to body height in middle and late childhood

Answer 3

FALSE. It decreases.

Question 4

BODY GROWTH and CHANGE:
TRUE or FALSE: (1) Do bones continue to ossify during middle and late childhood, and (2) do they usually fail in yielding to pressure and pull more than mature bones?

Answer 4

(1) TRUE
(2) FALSE, They do yield to pressure and pull more than their mature counterparts

Question 5

THE BRAIN:
Significant changes in structure and regions occur, most especially in the _______ part of the brain.

Answer 5

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 6

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT:
TRUE or FALSE: Girls outperform boys in their use of fine motor skills

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT:
Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood occur due to increased ________ of the central nervous system.

Answer 7

Myelination

(Definition: formation of the myelin sheath around a nerve to allow for improved conduction)

Question 8

Formation of the myelin sheath around a nerve to allow for improved conduction.

Answer 8

Myelination

Question 9

EXERCISE:
Higher level of physical activity is linked to lower level of metabolic disease risk based on the following (3) measures, which are…?

Answer 9

• Cholesterol
• Waist Circumference
• Insulin Levels

Question 10

EXERCISE:
This form of exercise improves a child’s attention and memory, goal-oriented thinking, and their creativity

Answer 10

Aerobic Exercise

Question 11

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
TRUE or FALSE: Middle and late childhood is considered to be a time wherein it’s the most awful in terms of health

Answer 11

FALSE, it’s a time of excellent health.

Question 12

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
What is considered to be the most common cause of severe injury in middle and late childhood?

Answer 12

Motor Vehicle Accidents

Question 13

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
What are the (2) causes of overweight gain in children?

Answer 13

• Heredity
• Environmental Contexts

Question 14

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
What are the (3) consequences of overweight gain in children?

Answer 14

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Elevated Blood Cholesterol

Question 15

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
What type of disease involving a particular organ is considered uncommon in children, however with present risk factors?

Answer 15

Cardiovascular Disease

Question 16

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
This disease is considered to be the second leading cause of death in children 5-14 years old.

Answer 16

Cancer

Question 17

HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND DISEASE:
What is the most common form of cancer in children?

Answer 17

Leukemia

Question 18

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
A form of disability wherein a child experiences difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using of spoken or written language - appearing in their listening, thinking, reading, writing and spelling skills.

Answer 18

Learning Disability

Question 19

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
A learning disability wherein one experiences severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

Answer 19

Dyslexia

Question 20

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
A learning disability wherein one experiences difficulty in writing.

Answer 20

Dysgraphia

Question 21

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
A learning disability wherein it’s considered a developmental arithmetic disorder.

Answer 21

Dyscalculia

Question 22

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
A disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

Answer 22

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Question 23

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
What does ADHD stand for?

Answer 23

Attention
Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder

Question 24

SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:
Enumerate the (4) possible causes of ADHD.

Answer 24

• Genetics
• Brain damage during Prenatal or Postnatal Development
• Cigarette/Alcohol Exposure during Prenatal Development
• Low Birth weight

Question 25

**SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:** A category of disorders that are serious and persistent problems involving **inappropriate socioemotional characteristics** and **emotional distress** involving personal or academic matters.

Answer 25

Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Question 26

**SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:** What does **ASD** stand for?

Answer 26

**A**utism **S**pectrum **D**isorders

Question 27

**SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:** A form of ASD that is **onset within the first three years of life** and involves deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior.

Answer 27

Autistic Disorder

Question 28

**SCOPE OF DISABILITIES:** A form of ASD wherein one has good verbal language skills and milder nonverbal language problems, as well as a restricted range of interests and relationships.

Answer 28

Asperger Syndrome

Question 29

**EDUCATIONAL ISSUES:** A written statement that is specifically tailored for a disabled student.

Answer 29

Individualized Education Plan (**IEP**)

Question 30

**EDUCATIONAL ISSUES:** An environmental setting that is similar as possible to the one in which non-disabled children are educated.

Answer 30

Least Restrictive Environment (**LRE**)

Question 31

**EDUCATIONAL ISSUES:** What does **IEP** stand for?

Answer 31

Individualized Education Plan

Question 32

**EDUCATIONAL ISSUES:** What does **LRE** stand for?

Answer 32

Least Restrictive Environment

Question 33

**EDUCATIONAL ISSUES:** Involves educating a child with special education needs full- time in a regular classroom.

Answer 33

Inclusion

Question 34

**COGNITIVE CHANGES:** **Cognitive Developmental Theory:** What is the age range for the **concrete operational stage**?

Answer 34

7-11

Question 35

**COGNITIVE CHANGES:** **Cognitive Developmental Theory:** One’s ability to order stimuli along a **quantitative dimension.**

Answer 35

Seriation

Question 36

**COGNITIVE CHANGES:** **Cognitive Developmental Theory:** One’s ability to **combine relations** to understand certain conclusions.

Answer 36

Transitivity

Question 37

**COGNITIVE CHANGES:** **Cognitive Developmental Theory:** These people argue that Piaget got *some* things right, but that his theory needs considerable revision.

Answer 37

Neo-Piagetians

Question 38

**COGNITIVE CHANGES:** **Cognitive Developmental Theory:** The Neo-Piagetians elaborated, and gave more emphasis on these (3) **concepts** in Piaget’s theory.

Answer 38

- Information Processing - Strategies - Precise Cognitive Steps

Question 39

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** This form of memory increases with age during middle and late childhood.

Answer 39

Long-term Memory

Question 40

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** This form of memory is a **passive storehouse** to keep information until moved to long-term memory.

Answer 40

Working Memory

Question 41

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Which form of memory is considered to be a “mental workbench”?

Answer 41

Working Memory

Question 42

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** The one **key component of working memory** is the…?

Answer 42

Central Executive

Question 43

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of memory that holds significant events and experiences in one’s life.

Answer 43

Autobiographical Memory

Question 44

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information.

Answer 44

Strategies

Question 45

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Enumerate at least (2) out of the (5) **strategies** to improve information processing.

Answer 45

- Elaboration - Engagement in Mental Imagery - Understanding of Material - Varied Repitition - Embedding of Memory-relevant Language

Question 46

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A **strategy** that involves engaging in a more extensive processing of information.

Answer 46

Elaboration

Question 47

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A theory wherein memory is best understood by considering **verbatim memory trace** and **gist**.

Answer 47

Fuzzy Trace Theory

Question 48

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Enumerate the (3) **dimensions of executive function** which are considered the be the most important for cognitive development and academic success

Answer 48

- Self Control/Inhibition - Working Memory - Flexibility

Question 49

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of thinking that involves **reflectively and productively evaluating evidence**.

Answer 49

Critical Thinking

Question 50

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of thinking that involves the ability to think in **novel and unusual** ways.

Answer 50

Creative Thinking

Question 51

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Being alert, mentally present and cognitively flexible are key to one’s…?

Answer 51

Mindfulness

Question 52

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of thinking wherein one produces **one correct answer** and is characteristic of a kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.

Answer 52

Convergent Thinking

Question 53

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of thinking wherein one produces **many answers** to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.

Answer 53

Divergent Thinking

Question 54

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** A form of thinking wherein one asks **fundamental questions about reality** and identifies **causal relations**.

Answer 54

Scientific Thinking

Question 55

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Cognition about cognition.

Answer 55

Metacognition

Question 56

**INFORMATION PROCESSING:** Knowledge about memory.

Answer 56

Metamemory

Question 57

**INTELLIGENCE:** Stable and consistent ways in which people differ from each other.

Answer 57

Individual Differences

Question 58

**INTELLIGENCE:** What are the (3) types of **Binet Tests**?

Answer 58

Mental Age (**MA**) Intelligence Quotient (**IQ**) Normal Distribution

Question 59

**INTELLIGENCE:** A type of Binet Test that is an individual’s level of **mental development** relative to others.

Answer 59

Mental Age (**MA**)

Question 60

**INTELLIGENCE:** A type of Binet Test wherein a person’s mental age is divided by their chronological age and multiplied by 100

Answer 60

Intelligence Quotient (**IQ**)

Question 61

**INTELLIGENCE:** These provide an overall IQ score and yield (3) composite indexes.

Answer 61

Wechsler Scales

Question 62

**INTELLIGENCE:** Enumerate the (3) **composite indexes** under the Wechsler Scales

Answer 62

- Verbal Comprehension Index - Working Memory Index - Processing Speed Index

Question 63

**INTELLIGENCE:** Enumerate the (3) forms of intelligence under the **Triarchic Theory of Intelligence**

Answer 63

- Analytical Intelligence - Creative Intelligence - Practical Intelligence

Question 64

**INTELLIGENCE:** Enumerate the (8) **frames of mind** according to Gardner.

Answer 64

- Verbal - Mathematical - Spatial - Bodily-Kinesthetic - Musical - Interpersonal - Intrapersonal - Naturalist

Question 65

**INTELLIGENCE:** Enumerate the (4) factors one must consider in interpreting differences in IQ scores.

Answer 65

- Genetic Influence - Environmental Influence - Group Difference - Culture- fair Tests

Question 66

**INTELLIGENCE:** **TRUE or FALSE:** IQ is the **sole indicator** of competence.

Answer 66

**FALSE**, it is not.

Question 67

**INTELLIGENCE:** What does **IQ** stand for?

Answer 67

Intelligence Quotient

Question 68

**EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE:** A form of disability wherein one has **limited mental ability due to low IQ**,and therefore had difficulty adapting to everyday life.

Answer 68

Intellectual Disability

Question 69

**EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE:** An intellectual disability caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage.

Answer 69

Organic Intellectual Disability

Question 70

**EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE:** An intellectual disability with no evidence of organic brain damage, wherein an individual will have a general IQ of 50-70.

Answer 70

Cultural-familial Retardation

Question 71

**EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE:** A person with above-average intelligence (IQ of 130 or higher) and/or has superior talent for something.

Answer 71

Gifted

Question 72

**EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE:** Enumerate the (3) criteria to determine if someone is gifted.

Answer 72

- Precocity - Has a Passion to Master - Marches to their own Beat

Question 73

**VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR AND METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS:** Knowledge about language.

Answer 73

Metalinguistic Awareness

Question 74

**READING:** An approach to reading wherein the reading instruction should **parallel a child’s natural language learning**.

Answer 74

Whole-language Approach

Question 75

**READING:** An approach to reading wherein the reading instruction should teach **basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.**

Answer 75

Phonics Approach

Question 76

**WRITING:** **TRUE or FALSE:** Bilinguilism has a positive effect on children’s **cognitive** development.

Answer 76

**TRUE**

Question 77

**WRITING:** **TRUE or FALSE:** Research **supports** bilingual education.

Answer 77

**TRUE**