ASU Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards
takes place in the first two weeks after conception; creation of the zygote, continued cell division, attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
germinal period
inner layers of cells that develops into the embryo
blastocyst
outer layer of cells that provides nutrition and support for the embryo
trophoblast
occurs two to eight weeks after conception, support systems for the cells form and organs appear
embryonic period
rate of cell differentiation intensifies and mass of cells
embryo
three layers of cells
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
amnion
contains two arteries and one vein, connects the baby to the placenta
umbilical cord
disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
placenta
organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
organogensis
period between two months after conception and birth
fetal period
nerve cells which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain
neurons
failure of the _______ to close may cause anencephaly and spina bifida
neural tube
generation of new neurons
neurogenesis
cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations
neuronal migration
agent that causes a birth defect
teratogen
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
teratology
antibiotics, antidepressants, hormones, accutane
prescription drugs that can function as teratogens
diet pills and high dosages of aspirin
nonprescription drugs that can be harmful
act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
psychoactive drugs
incompatibility between the mother’s and father’s blood types poses risk to prenatal development
incompatible blood types
radiation, toxic wastes, and other chemical pollutants
environmental hazards
rubella and syphilis, genital herpes and AIDS
maternal diseases
relationship-centered program which provides complete prenatal care in a group setting
CenteringPregnancy
home visits by trained nurses beginning in the second or third trimester of prenatal development
Nurse Family Partnership
uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute; longest stage
1st stage of birth
begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
2nd stage of birth
when the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
3rd stage of birth / afterbirth
caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
doula
reduces the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery
natural childbirth
special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, provides detailed anatomy and physiology course
prepared childbirth
another term for prepared childbirth
Lamaze method
surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen
Cesarean delivery
baby’s position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the vagina
breech position
used in the first month of life to assess the newborn’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
weighs less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth
low birth weight infants
born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation
preterm infants
infants’ birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
small for date infants
involves skin-to-skin contact
kangaroo care
involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs four weeks after delivery
postpartum depression
period after childbirth that lasts until mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly prepregnant state
postpartum period
strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair; have trouble coping with daily tasks
postpartum depression
formation of a physical bond, between parents and their newborn shortly after birth
bonding
baby remains in the mother’s room most of the time during its hospital stay
rooming-in arrangement
TRUE OR FALSE
In the United States, 98.6 percent of births take place in hospitals.
TRUE
analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin (method of childbirth)
medication
screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases; programs include educational, social, and nutritional services; exercise during pregnancy
prenatal care
FIRST TRIMESTER
less than 1/10 inch long, called a “zygote”
beginning development of spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart, and lungs; amniotic sac envelops the preliminary tissues of entire body
conception to 4 weeks
FIRST TRIMESTER
just over 1 inch long, called an “embryo”
face is forming, arms and legs are moving, brain is forming
8 weeks
FIRST TRIMESTER
is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce, called a “fetus”
can move arms, legs, fingers, and toes; fingerprints are present; can smile, frown, suck, and swallow; sex is distinguishable, can urinate
12 weeks
SECOND TRIMESTER
about 6 inches long, weighs 4-7 ounces
heartbeat is strong, skin is thin and transparent, downy hair covers body, fingernails and toenails are forming, has coordinated movements
16 weeks
downy hair
lanugo
SECOND TRIMESTER
about 12 inches long, weighs close to 1 pound
heartbeat is audible, sucks thumb, hiccups + hair, eyelashes, eyebrows are present
20 weeks
SECOND TRIMESTER
about 14 inches long, weighs 1 to 1 1/2 pounds
has strong grip, eyes are open, waste matter is collected in bowel, skin is wrinkled and covered with protective coating
24 weeks
THIRD TRIMESTER
about 16 inches long, weighs about 3 pounds
adding body fat, very active, breathing movements are present
28 weeks
THIRD TRIMESTER
is 16 to 18 inches long, weighs 4 to 5 pounds
has periods of sleep and wakefulness, responds to sounds, bones of head are soft and flexible
32 weeks
THIRD TRIMESTER
19 to 20 inches long, weighs 6 to 7 1/2 pounds
skin is less wrinkled, lanugo is mostly gone, less active, gaining immunities from mother
36 to 38 weeks
protective coating
vernix caseosa
