Lesson_020_Attic_Greek_Grammar Flashcards
In Attic Greek, The fourth principal part supplies the stem for the perfect and pluperfect tenses in the active voice.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #212
In Attic Greek, the fifth principal part supplies the stem for the middle and passive voices of these tenses.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #213
In Attic Greek, The perfect and pluperfect tenses both have perfective aspect, i.e., the action they denote are already completed (perfected). The perfect tense describes a state that exists in the present as the result of a completed action (e.g., “I have won,” which implies that I am now in the state of being a winner); the pluperfect tense describes a state that existed in the past as the result of completed action (e.g., “I had won,” which implies that I was then in the state of being a winner). English uses the auxiliary verb have/has for the perfect tense, had for the pluperfect.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #214
In Attic Greek, the perfect is one of Greek’s primary (present and future) tenses and thus has primary endings, while the pluperfect is a secondary (past) tense with secondary endings. Both, however, us reduplication—the doubling of sound at the start of a word—as a sign of their perfective aspect.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #215
In Attic Greek, To produce a verb’s perfect stem, you reduplicate its basic stem in one of two ways: (1): If the basic stem begins with just one consonant (not ῥ) or with a stop (π, β, φ, τ, δ, θ, κ, γ, χ) + a liquid or a nasal (λ, ρ, μ, ν), you reduplicate the stem by adding a two-letter prefix: the stem’s initial consonant followed by an epsilon. Examples: παιδεύω reduplicated prefix = πε-, γράφω reduplicated prefix = γε- {If the basic stem’s initial consonant is an aspirated stop (φ, θ, χ), the corresponding smooth stop (π, τ, κ) is used in place of it as the first letter of the prefix; this avoids the roughness of having two consecutive syllables each beginning with an aspirated consonant. Example: θύω reduplicated prefix = τε- (to avoid θεθ-)}
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #216
In Attic Greek, To produce a verb’s perfect stem, you reduplicate its basic stem in one of two ways: (2) In all other cases (i.e., if the basic stem begins with a vowel or with ῥ or with a double consonant or with two or more consonants that are not stop + liquid or nasal), reduplicating the stem is identical with augmenting it Examples: ἐρωτάω reduplicates by lengthening ἐ- to ἠ-, ῥίπτω reduplicates by adding ε- and doubling the ρ, ζητέω (reduplicates by adding ε-)
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #217
In Attic Greek, the letter κ is characteristic of the perfect and pluperfect tenses in the active voice. However, they are often missing; whenever the reduplicated stem ends in a labial or a palatal consonant, κ is omitted, and, along with that, there may be a change in the labial/palatal consonant or in the stem-vowel or in both.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #218
In Attic Greek, A verb that is ε-grade in the present stem often becomes ο-grade in the perfect active stem: e.g., λείπω → λέλοιπα.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #219
In Attic Greek, Forms with κ are called first perfects or first pluperfects active; forms with no κ are called second perfects or second pluperfects active. Most Greek verbs have either a first perfect active or a second perfect active; if a verb has both types, the two perfects usually differ in meaning.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #220
In Attic Greek, Perfect active endings resemble first aorist endings (without the σ) except in the third-person plural. Pluperfect active endings likewise resemble first aorist endings (without the σ), but α is contracted with or replaced by ε. The pluperfect active uses the same stem as the perfect, but augments it. If a verb reduplicates by adding ἐ- or by lengthening its initial vowel, its perfect stem will already have augmented form and can serve as the pluperfect stem with no further change.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #221
In Attic Greek, Notice that only the third-person plural endings reveal that perfect endings are primary and that pluperfect endings are secondary.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #222
In Attic Greek, Movable ν is added to the third-person singular (-ε) and third-person plural (-σι) of the perfect active and even to the third-person singular of the pluperfect active (-ει)— which one might not expect, given that moveable nu is never added to the -ει third-person singular ending of -έω contract verbs.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #223
In Attic Greek, The perfect active infinitve show aspect (perfective), not time. It has no augment, but is does have the reduplication characteristic of perfective aspect. Its accent is persistent, always on the penult.
Attic Greek Grammar Rule #224
