Lesson_007_Attic_Greek_Grammar

Question 1

In Attic Greek, Nouns in the 2nd declension can be divided into two groups: masculines and neuters.

Answer 1

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #112

Question 2

In Attic Greek, All second-declension masculines have the same set of endings. The endings resemble those of the first declension, but with ο, not α or η, as the stem-vowel.

Answer 2

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #113

Question 3

In Attic Greek, for second-declension masculine nouns the accent is persistent, remaining above the same letters as in the nominative case unless a long ultima forces it to move (e.g., ἄνθρωπος but ἀνθρώπου).

Answer 3

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #114

Question 4

In Attic Greek, just as in the first declension, second-declension masculine nouns in the singular and plural endings of the genitive and dative, if accented, have a circumflex. Unlike first-declension nouns, however, second-declension nouns do not invariably put a circumflex above the genitive plural ending; instead the accent remains, if it can, in its preferred position.

Answer 4

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #115

Question 5

In Attic Greek, for second-declension masculine nouns, occasionally a noun will have ο-stem endings but be feminine instead of masculine. Its unusual gender will be show, not by the form of the word itself, but by the form of the words that modify it (e.g., a definite article or an adjective). In ὁ λόγος and ἡ ὁδός, for example, the articles reveal that λόγος is masculine, while ὁδός is feminine.

Answer 5

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #116

Question 6

In Attic Greek, Some second-declension nouns are variable in their gender; they may be either masculine or feminine—often with a major difference in meaning: ὁ ἄνθρωπος (“man”), ἡ ἄνθρωπος (“woman”). Such words are called “epicene” and are said to have common gender. In a vocabulary list an epicene noun will always be accompanied by two definite article (ὁ, ἡ).

Answer 6

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #117

Question 7

In Attic Greek, A noun in the dative case may indicate the means or the instrument by which something is done (e.g., σπεύδομεν τῇ όδῷ, “we are hastening by means of the road”; Βλάπτεις τὸν ἵππον λίθοις, “you are hurting the horse with stones”). It may also show the manner or the way in which something is done (e.g., παιδεύω χαρᾷ. “I teach with joy” or “I teach joyfully”). The dative of means is usually translated with the preposition with or by; the dative of manner is usually translated with the preposition with or with an adverb formed from the noun and ending in -ly. In Greek no preposition is required for either the dative of means or the dative of manner.

Answer 7

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #118