Lesson_011_Attic_Greek_Grammar

Question 1

In Attic Greek, it is important to realize that a verb’s tense and mood are not affected by a change in its voice. Regardless of whether the voice is active, middle, or passive, the present indicative will always denote an action in the present time and have either imperfective or aoristic aspect. A future indicative will always denote an action in future time and have either imperfective or aoristic aspect. An imperfect indicative will always denote an action in past time and have imperfective aspect.

Answer 1

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #145

Question 2

In Attic Greek, just has there are two sets of active endings (primary and secondary) in the indicative mood, so there are two sets of middle/passive endings (primary and secondary) in the indicative mood.

Answer 2

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #146

Question 3

In Attic Greek, Like the present active imperative, the present middle/passive imperative shows only imperfective aspect, not present time. You may prefer a translation that emphasizes the on-going nature of the action: e.g., “continue teaching for yourself!”

Answer 3

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #147

Question 4

In Attic Greek, In a passive sentence the person doing the action (i.e., the agent) may or may not be identified; e.g., “I am taught by me brother” or simply “I am taught.” To identify the agent, Greek often uses the preposition ὑπό (“by”) and a noun in the genitive case; e.g., παιδεύομαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ. This construction is called the genitive of personal agent. Be sure to distinguish the genitive of personal agent (a human being) form the dative of means (an instrument or tool): βλάπτομαι ὑπὸ τῶν νεανιῶν. “I am being hurt by the young men.” βλάπτομαι τοῖς λίθοις. “I am being hurt by the stones.” To help you determine the voice of a verb with a middle/passive endings, here are two clues: (1) The presence of a genitive of agent is a sign that the verb’s voice must be passive, not middle (since, in a sentence with middle voice, the subject itself—and not a noun in the genitive—is the agent). (2) The presence of a direct object is a sign that the verb’s voice must be middle, not passive (since, in a passive sentence, the subject—and not a direct object—receives the action).

Answer 4

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #148

Question 5

In Attic Greek, In some verbs the middle voice shows a reflexive relationship: the action is done directly to the subject, not for it. Τρέπω (“I turn”), for example, is reflexive in the middle voice (τρέπομαι = “I betake myself” or “I move”). In other verbs in the middle voice may have a special meaning in addition to the one you would expect it to have.

Answer 5

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #149

Question 6

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Answer 6

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #150