Lesson_014_Attic_Greek_Grammar

Question 1

In Attic Greek, Personal pronouns distinguish the one speaking (first person) from the one spoken to (second person) and the one spoken about (third person).

Answer 1

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #157

Question 2

In Attic Greek, In Lesson 14, for personal pronouns when two forms are listed, (e.g., ἐμοῦ/μου), the first (with persistent accent) is emphatic, the second is an enclitic and less emphatic. For objects of prepositions, the emphatic forms are preferred. Although nominative personal pronouns are not strictly necessary, they are often added to a sentence to make it more forceful or striking.

Answer 2

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #158

Question 3

In Attic Greek, Greek originally had a third-person pronoun, but it fell out of use in the Attic dialect. As a substitute for it in the nominative case, any one of the demonstrative pronouns is acceptable (e.g., ὅδε or οὗτος or ἐκεῖνος = “he”; ἥδε or αὕτη or ἐκείνη = “she”). In cases other than the nominative, the adjective/pronoun αὐτός, -ή, -ό serves as the usual substitute, αὐτός, –ή, -ό is declined just as ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ο is, but with an accent on its ultima.

Answer 3

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #159

Question 4

In Attic Greek, Uses of αὐτός, -ή, -ό. This remarkably versatile word has three distinct meanings, each of which is associated with a particular use: (1) When modifying any noun (either expressed or implied) and standing in the attributive position, it is an adjective meaning “same”; e.g., ἡ αὐτὴ κόρη τῷ αύτῷ φίλῳ τὰ αὐτὰ βιβλία πέμπει (“the same maiden sends the same books to the same friend”); ἠ αὐτὴ τῷ αὐτῷ τὰ αὐτὰ πέμπει (“the same [woman] sends the same [things] to the same [man/person]”). (2) When modifying an expressed noun in any case, or an implied noun in the nominative, and standing in the predicate position, it is an intensive adjective meaning “-self” or “very”; e.g., αὐτὸς ὁ νεανίας τῇ φίλῃ αύτῇ τὰ βιβλία αὐτὰ πέμπει (“the youth himself sends the books themselves to the friend herself” or “the very youth sends the very books to the very friends”); αὐτὸς τὰ βιβλία πέμπει (“[he] himself sends the books” or “the very [man] sends the books”); αὐτὴ τὰ βιβλία πέμπει (“[she] herself sends the books” or “the very [woman] sends the books”). (3) When acting as a noun in the genitive, dative, or accusative case, it is a substitute for the third-person pronoun, meaning “him,” “her,” “it,” or “them”; e.g., αὐτοῖς αὐτὸ πέμπω (“I send it to them”); αύτοῦ καὶ αύτῆς ἀκούω (“I hear him and her”); ἀπ᾽αὐτοῦ αὐτοὺς διώκω (“I chase them away from him/it”). {If you see a form of αὐτός in the nominative case, it cannot be the third-person pronoun; it must mean either “-self” or (in the attributive position) “same.”

Answer 4

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #160

Question 5

In Attic Greek, To show possession, Greek often uses a third-person form of εἰμί, a noun in the dative case identifying the possessor(s), and a noun in the nominative case identifying the thing(s) possessed; e.g., ὁ ἵππος ἐμοί ἐστιν (“the horse is [i.e., belongs] to me”) = ἔχω τὸν ἵππον (“I possess the horse”).

Answer 5

Attic Greek Grammar Rule #161