Lectures 44 + 45

Question 1

Ubiquitination and Proteosome transport of proteins to its core are both ____ dependent processes

Answer 1

Both ATP dependent

Question 2

_____ is the major enzyme for protein breakdown in the stomach

Answer 2

PEPSIN

Question 3

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, and carboxypeptidase are produced as _____ in the ______.

Answer 3

Produced as ZYMOGENS in the PANCREAS.

Question 4

Trypsin cleavage is specific to _____ charged AAs

Answer 4

POSITIVELY

Question 5

Chymotrypsin cleavage is specific to ______ or aromatic AAs.

Answer 5

HYDROPHOBIC

Question 6

Elastase cleavage is specific to _____ AAs (i.e. Ala, Gly, and Ser.

Answer 6

SMALL

Question 7

_____ is caused by defective reuptake of _____, _____, _____, and _____ (COAL), leading to calculi in the urine.

Answer 7

CYSTINURIA is caused by defective reuptake of COAL (Cystine, Ornithine, Arginie, and Lysine.)

Question 8

_____ disorder is characterized by defective _____ absorption, which can show Pellagra-like symtpoms. Keep in mind Pellagra is typically caused by _____ deficiency.

Answer 8

HARTNUP disorder is characterized by defective TRP absorption. Pellagra is typically caused by a NIACIN (B3) deficiency.

Question 9

Transaminase reactions involve the transfer of the amino group from an AA to _____. The AA becomes a _____, and the ______ becomes Glutamate.

Answer 9

Transaminase reactions involve the transfer of the amino group from an AA to ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE. The AA becomes a KETO ACID, and the ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE becomes Glutamate.

Question 10

The conversion of Glutamate to Alpha-ketoglutarate as part of every transamination reaction involves the coenzyme ______ phosphate (PLP), which is a Vit ____ derivative.

Answer 10

PYRIDOXAL phosphate, which is a vit B6 derivative.

Question 11

Alanine amino transferase and Aspatate amino transferase are in high abundance in the _____. Elevated serum levels could indicate _____ damage.

Answer 11

They are in high abundance in the LIVER. Elevated serum levels could indicate LIVER damage.

Question 12

When energy levels are ____ in the cell, Glutamate dehydrogenase activity is high, facilitating energy production from carbon skeletons derived from amino acids. Glutamate dehydrogenase converts Glutamate to alpha ketoglutarate to release free _____ in the liver, or it can go in the opposite direction in the tissues.

Answer 12

When energy levels are LOW in the cell, Glutamate dehydrogenase activity is HIGH. Conversion of Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate releases free NH3+

Question 13

____ and ____ are the only two strictly ketogenic AAs.

Answer 13

Leucine and Lysine

Question 14

Systemic aspariginase can help treat ______.

Answer 14

LEUKEMIA

Question 15

Asparagine is converted to ______ via asparaginase. _____ goes to Oxaloacetate via ______aminotransferase

Answer 15

ASPARTATE

Question 16

The AA _____ is a precursor for Dopamine, Epi, and Norepi.

Answer 16

TYROSINE

Question 17

______ disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment involves systemic ______ administration.

Answer 17

PARKINSON’S disease is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment involves sytemic DOPA administration.

Question 18

alpha-synuclein is a gene that is implicated in Parkinson’s disease, and it leads to _____ cross-linkage and aggregation.

Answer 18

PROTEIN cross-linkage and aggregation.

Question 19

Tetrahydrobiopterin is an important coenzyme for ______ catalyzed reactions.

Answer 19

HYDROXYLASE

Question 20

Serotonin is synthesized from ____.

Answer 20

Tryptophan

Question 21

______ is an antidepressant that inhibits Serotonin reuptake.

Answer 21

FLUOXETINE

Question 22

_____ is a diurnal enzyme that converts Serotonin to _____, which occurs in the Pineal gland.

Answer 22

AANAT converts serotonin to MELATONIN

Question 23

_____ is synthesized from Glutamate, and is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Answer 23

GABA