Lecture 51

Question 1

____ and ____ are considered “complete” Vitamin A, whereas _____ acid carries out only some of the functions, though it is not involved in the visual cycle.

Answer 1

RETINOL and RETINAL are considered complete Vitamin A, whereas RETINOIC acid carries out only some of the functions, though it is not involved in the visual cycle.

Question 2

Deficiencies in the Vit As involved in the visual cycle can lead to night ______ and deficiencies in retinoic acid could lead to _____ of epithelial cells.

Answer 2

Night blindness, and retinoic acid deficiencies can lead to KERATINIZATION of epithelial cells.

Question 3

11-cis retinal associates with opsin to form _____. When introduced to light, 11-cis retinal is converted to the all ____ retinal.

Answer 3

To form RHODOPSIN. When introduced to light, 11-cis retinal is converted to all TRANS retinal.

Question 4

All-trans retinoic acid binds ____ and 9-cis retinoic acid binds ____. Keep in mind that retinoic acid is a _____ factor.

Answer 4

All trans-retinoic acid binds RAR and 9-cis retinoic acid binds RXR. Keep in mind retinoic acid is a TRANSCRIPTION factor.

Question 5

Vit B1 is also known as ____, and is converted to _____ pyrophosphate which is a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-_____ acids and for ________ (involved in the PPP.)

Answer 5

THIAMINE, and is converted to THIAMINE pyrophosphate which is a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-KETO acids and for TRANSKETOLASE (involved in the PPP.)

Question 6

Thiamine deficiency can lead to ____ ___ and _____ ______ syndrome, as well as Polyneuritis, _____ pathology, and edema.

Answer 6

Thiamine deficiency can lead to BERI BERI and WERNICKE KORSAKOFF syndrome, as well as Polyneuritis, CARDIAC pathology, and edema.

Question 7

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by combination of neurological issues and ______ symtpoms (typically with amnesia as well.)

Answer 7

Characterized by a combination of neurological issues and PYSCHIATRIC symptoms (typically with amnesia as well.)

Question 8

Vit B2 is also known as _____, and is a precursor for the coenzymes ____ and ____.

Answer 8

RIBOFLAVIN, and is a precursor for the coenzymes FMN and FAD.

Question 9

Sources of Riboflavin include milk, liker, and green veggies. Deficiency in Riboflavin can cause ____ lesions.

Answer 9

Deficiency in Riboflavin can cause SKIN lesions.

Question 10

Vit B3 is also known as _____, and it is a precursor for the coenzymes ____ and ____, though these coenzymes can also be synthesized endogenously to a small extent from _____.

Answer 10

NIACIN, and it is a precursor for the coenzymes NAD and NADP, though these enzymes can be synthesized endogenously to a small extent from TRYPTOPHAN.

Question 11

Sources of Niacin include legumes and meat. Niacin deficiency can lead to _____, cahracterized by 4 Ds: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 11

Niacin deficiency can lead to PELLAGRA, characterized by 4 Ds: DIARRHEA, DERMATITIS, DEMENTIA, and DEATH.

Question 12

Vit B5, also known as ______ acid, is widely distributed and synthesized by some intestinal _____. It serves as a precursor for pantotheine, which forms part of _____

Answer 12

PANTOTHENIC acid is widely distributed and synthesized by some intestinal BACTERIA. It serves as a precursor for pantotheine, which forms part of CoA.

Question 13

Vit B6, also known as ______, is a precursor of ______ phosphate which is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, and for glycogen phosphorylase.

Answer 13

Also known as PYRIDOXINE, is a precursor for PYRIDOXAL phosphate.

Question 14

Sources of pyridoxine include liver, fish, nuts, and whole grain cereals. Deficiency in pyridoxine can lead to _____, convulsions, and _____ anemia.

Answer 14

Can lead to DERMATITIS, CONVULSIONS, and MICROCYTIC anemia.

Question 15

_____ is a treatment for TB. This can actually cause a pyridoxine deficiency.

Answer 15

ISONIAZID

Question 16

____ acts a coenzyme in ____ reactions via covalent linkage to lysine side chains of enzymes. A deficiency in _____ can actually be caused be the consumption of large amounts of raw eggs. _____ deficiency can lead to symptoms like ____ pain, dermatitis, and GI issues.

Answer 16

BIOTIN acts as a coenzyme in CARBOXYLATION reactions. Deficiency in BIOTIN can actually be caused by consumption of large amounts of raw eggs. BIOTIN deficiency can lead to symptoms like MUSCLE pain, dermatits, and GI issues.