Lecture 29 Flashcards
Catabolic pathways move from more complex to less complex. They are typically ______ and release energy, whereas Anabolic pathways are typically the opposite, moving from less complex to more complex, are typically ______ and require ______.
Catabolic pathways are typically OXIDATIVE and release ENERGY whereas Anabolic pathways are typically REDUCTIVE, and require ENERGY.
Glycolysis is the _____ of Glucose to form 2 molecules of _____.
Oxidation of Glucose to form 2 molecules of PYRUVATE.
Glycolysis occurs in _____ cells of the body, whereas Gluconeo occurs in the ____ and ____ only.
It occurs in ALL cells.
Liver
Kidneys
Glycolysis produces intermediates that can be used in other metabolic pathways. For example, Pyruvate can form the AAs ______ and _____, and DHAP can form ______.
Pyruvate can form ALANINE and SERINE, and DHAP can for TRIGLYCERIDES.
There are _____ irreversible reactions in Glycolysis. The first one is catalyzed by the enzyme _____, converting Glucose to ______ and requires ______.
There are 3 irreversible reactions in Glycolysis. The first one is catalyzed by HEXOKINASE, converting Glucose to G-6-P and requires ATP.
In the liver, _____ carries out the same action as Hexokinase, and it has a greater _____. It is typically active in cases of overeating.
In the liver, GLUCOKINASE carries out the same action as Hexokinase, and it has a greater Km.
The third reaction in Glycolysis is the most important/rate limiting reaction. It is irreversible, requires ______, and is carried out by the enzyme ______. The reaction converts ______ to ______. It is inhibited by high levels of _____ and _____, and is stimulated by high levels of _____ and _____. These inhibitors and stimulators are _____ effectors.
It requires ATP, and is carried out by PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE. It converts F-6-P to F-1,6-BP. It is inhibited by high levels of ATP and CITRATE, and is stimulated by high levels of AMP and F-2,6-BP. These inhibitors and stimulators are ALLOSTERIC effectors.
The reaction converting Glyceraldehyde-3-P to ________, catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, forms _____ from NAD+. It is important because it is the first formation of a _____ energy phosphate bond in Glycolysis, and requires NAD+ and Pi.
The reaction converting Glyceraldehyde-3-P to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, forms NADH from NAD+. It is important because is is the first formation of a HIGH energy phosphate bond in Glycolysis.
The reaction converting 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to ________, catalyzed by ________ kinase, forms ______ from ______ (the first release of free energy in Glycolysis.)
Converting 1,2-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE, catalyzed by PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE, forms ATP from ADP.
In the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to ______, catalyzed by ______, there is formation of another ______ energy phosphate bond via the rearrangement of electrons and release of ______.
Conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE, catalyzed by ENOLASE, there is formation of another HIGH energy phosphate bond via the rearrangement of electrons and release of WATER.
In the last step in Glycolysis, PEP is converted to ______, catalyzed by ______ kinase. This is the third irreversible reaction in Glycolysis, and forms _____ from _____ (the second release of free energy in Glycolysis.)
PEP is converted to PYRUVATE, catalyzed by PYRUVATE KINASE. This is the third irreversible reaction in Glycolysis, and forms ATP from ADP.
In anaerobic Glycolysis, Pyruvate is converted to _____ via the enzyme ______. This reaction requires _____ going to _____, which can then be used in the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase reaction, as it requires _____ and Pi. In aerobic conditions, _____ would be reformed from _____ via the ETC.
Pyruvate is converted to LACTATE via the enzyme LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE. This reaction requires NADH going to NAD+, which can then be used in the Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase reaction, as it requires NAD+ and Pi. In aerobic conditions, NAD+ would be reformed from NADH via the ETC.
